College Tuition Up 914% Since 1983, J.P. Morgan Reports

College tuition has increased 914% since 1983 — outpacing medical care, housing, gas, and virtually every other household cost. Yet 6 in 10 American families are still not using the tax-advantaged accounts specifically designed to handle it.

That is the central theme of J.P. Morgan Asset Management’s 2026 College Planning Essentials report. Now in its 13th year, the annual report draws on proprietary research and federal data to map the growing gap between what college costs and what families are doing about it.

The Massive Rise In College Costs

Tuition has risen at an average annual rate of 5.5% since 1983, according to BLS Consumer Price Index data cited in the report.

To put that in context: housing prices rose 261% over the same period, and cars 77%. College sits in a category by itself at a whopping 914%.

For families with children currently enrolled in college, costs at four-year in-state public universities have climbed 45% over just the past decade. Total financial aid, meanwhile, increased only 11% over the same span. 

Families now absorb 48% of college costs from income and investments, up from 38% twelve years ago. You can see a full breakdown on how families pay for college here .

The debt picture is just as stark. Student loan balances have grown 343% since 2005, from $370 billion to $1.64 trillion — more than three times the pace of tuition increases during the same period. 

Among recent college graduates who carry student debt, 97% report having delayed or abandoned life milestones, including buying a home or starting a family, according to a survey cited in the report.

Most Families Are Saving For College The Wrong Way

Despite 529 plans being the only savings vehicle specifically built for education costs (offering tax-free growth, tax-free withdrawals for qualified expenses, and potential state tax deductions) 60% of American families are not using them.

Instead, 51% of families rely on cash accounts like savings, checking, or CDs to fund college. Another 38% draw on 401(k)s, and 19% use IRAs. (As a side note, you should never take a 401k loan to pay for college).

The opportunity cost is substantial: the report estimates $1.7 trillion in education savings currently sits outside tax-advantaged 529 accounts, alongside $411 billion in cash. Notably, 41% of families saving for both retirement and college have already tapped retirement funds to cover education expenses, according to Society of Actuaries data.

Here’s the math that families thinking about a 529 plan should know: An initial $10,000 investment with $500 in monthly contributions for 18 years inside a tax-free 529 account grows to approximately $219,950, according to J.P. Morgan’s modeling assuming a 6% annual return. The same contributions in a taxable account grow to roughly $178,416. 

That $41,534 difference covers more than three semesters of current in-state public college costs.

See our full guide on how much to contribute to a 529 plan by age.

529 Plans Have Gotten More Flexible

One of the most significant recent changes to 529 accounts is the expansion of the IRA rollover option. Under current rules, families can transfer unused 529 funds into a Roth IRA for the beneficiary on a tax- and penalty-free basis, subject to these requirements:

• The 529 account must have been open for at least 15 years
• Annual rollovers are limited to the IRA Contribution Limit
• The lifetime maximum is $35,000 per beneficiary
• The beneficiary must have earned income equal to or exceeding the rollover amount
• Contributions or earnings within five years of the rollover are ineligible

It’s also important to note that, while this is federally allowed, not all states consider the IRA Rollover an eligible 529 plan expense. Notably, California and Colorado don’t – meaning you could face taxes and penalties by doing it.

According to J.P. Morgan’s modeling, a $35,000 IRA rollover completed between ages 23 and 27 could grow to approximately $385,988 by age 65, assuming 6% annual returns. That gives college graduates who didn’t use all of their 529 funds a tax-free head start on retirement, addressing one of the most common objections families have about a potential 529 plan tax penalty.

Beyond Roth rollovers, 529 accounts now cover a broader range of expenses than many families realize (again – state rules vary).

Eligible uses include K-12 expenses up to $20,000 per beneficiary annually, apprenticeship and credentialing programs, job training, and up to $10,000 lifetime for student loan repayment.

The accounts also carry no income limits for contributors, no age limits on beneficiaries, and contribution limits often exceeding $400,000 per beneficiary. This makes 529 plans better than Trump Accounts in many ways.

What This Means For Your Family’s Bottom Line

Bachelor’s degree holders earn 81% more annually than high school graduates, according to U.S. Census Bureau data cited in the report. At an average annual earnings premium of roughly $41,020, a bachelor’s degree could pay for itself within one year, but only if families can manage the debt that often comes with it.

The timing of when families start saving matters enormously. J.P. Morgan’s modeling shows that investing $250 per month starting at birth can grow to $104,480 by age 18 (at a 6% annual return).

Starting at age 6 reduces that to $52,240, a 50% decline. 

Starting at age 12 yields just $20,896, a 77% drop from the first scenario. 

Despite this, 83% of 529 users have set up automatic contributions from bank accounts or paychecks, suggesting those who engage with 529s tend to stay consistent.

The report also highlights a cost factor many families overlook: graduation timelines. Only 49% of students graduate within four years (and 61% within 6 years). Taking five years costs 28% more than a four-year degree and six years costs 58% more. 

Strategies that can help include taking AP exams in high school or dual-enrollment courses. Community college is another cost lever: spending two years at community college before transferring to a four-year in-state public school reduces total projected costs by roughly 40%, according to J.P. Morgan’s analysis.

For families, the key takeaways are: focus on minimizing costs and boosting savings. If you’re already saving, make sure you’re using the best account to maximize the investment and tax advantages. By being savvy with what you’re already doing, you can see that money go farther.

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