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[Intermediate Accounting] Discussion 13 – Investments in Equity and Debt Securities



Hi! This is Sir Chua’s Accounting Lessons PH.
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Intermediate Accounting
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Discussion 13
Investments in Equity and Debt Securities
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Kevin Troy M. Chua, CPA
*Certified Public Accountant, October 2014
*CIPP UK Certified Payroll Professional®, October 2020
*Certified Tax Technician, November 2020
*BS Accountancy
*Master in Accountancy, Major in Management Accounting
*NC-III Bookkeeping, TESDA
*Content Developer for Accountancy – Course Hero
*Accounting and Finance Lecturer
*Formerly from PwC – Isla Lipana & Co. and SM
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For comments and suggestions, you may put them down respectfully in the comments section below.
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For speakership invites, please do not hesitate to shoot an email at kevintroy.chua1994@gmail.com
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The U.S. Has Entered Deep Renter’s Market Territory—Here’s What It Means For Investors


“Renters, this is your year,” Zillow senior economist Kara Ng recently told NPR. It’s apparently a good time to be a tenant, as nearly 40% of listings on the market were being offered with a concession from the landlord as of June, according to a recent report from Zillow.

However, before landlords wring their hands in despair at the idea of a free month’s rent and lost revenue, it’s worth drilling down into the data—as the numbers can be misleading.

According to Zillow’s June rental market analysis, the typical U.S. average rent reached $1,965, a 2.2% increase from a year before. However, with concessions up nearly 5% from the previous year, the cost of getting into an apartment could look good from a tenant’s perspective.

For smaller landlords, analyzing which markets are offering the most concessions and why, and where rents are increasing, can help you determine how to price your units and whether to jump aboard the concession cavalcade.

A Highly Nuanced Rental Market

The cities offering the greatest number of concessions are those where new apartment development has been most robust and supply has increased. Zillow found that 67.1% of listings in Charlotte offered concessions in June, followed by Denver at 65.9% and Dallas at 64.6%.  

Rents were down in San Antonio (1.8%), Austin (1.7%), and Denver (1.3%). Much of the new inventory coming to market resulted from 600,000 new apartment units being constructed in 2024, the most in 38 years.

“There’s a lot of apartment buildings hitting the market all at once,” Ng told NPR. “And property managers are trying to fill it, and they’re doing it with freebies.”

For small investors looking for a city to buy in, the lesson is simple: Stay away from cities that are oversupplied, unless you’re prepared to wait a while to get your place rented.

Conversely, in low-supply, high-demand markets, rent growth is up, according to Zillow. Northern California’s pricey San Francisco (up 8.2%) and San Jose (up 6.2%) are enjoying an AI boom, with affluent tenants willing to pay ever-increasing prices in a tight housing market.

“The U.S. built more new units in 2024 than any year in the past half-century, but that boom largely bypassed the Northeast and coastal California, which is exactly why rental competition there is so intense,” Ng said in a Zillow press release.

Zillow says single-family rents were up 3% year over year in June to $2,320, double the 1.5% gain for apartments, now at $1,789. 

Providence, Rhode Island, a small city with a population of 195,000 that is both pricey and has a housing shortage, made Zillow’s list of the hottest rental markets of 2026, with the lowest number of landlords offering concessions.

Best Places to Be a Landlord in 2026

The best cities to be a landlord in 2026 are likely to differ depending on who you ask, but most surveys end up saying roughly the same thing: The Midwest, with a few Southern cities thrown in, makes for the best place to invest your money if cash flow is a priority.

Top Cities for High Rental ROI

Landlord insurance specialist Obie Insurance took affordability, a growing job market, and population increases into consideration when compiling its list for cities likely to give you the greatest return on investment.

The Midwest

  1. Cleveland, Ohio: Low prices and high demand have propelled Cleveland to the top of investors’ lists.
  2. Indianapolis, Indiana: A diverse economy, growing population, and favorable landlord-tenant laws have made it a hot spot for investors in recent years. However, many investors have experienced foreclosure during the gold rush, investing in saturated areas with a less-than-stellar tenant pool.
  3. Kansas City, Missouri: A strong economy and growing population, coupled with low prices and high rents, have made Kansas City a solid Midwestern investment option.

The Sunbelt

Despite the deluge of new construction and subsequent landlord concessions, if you prefer investing in a warmer climate, there are still some places in the Sunbelt where you can get a decent ROI.

  1. Dallas/Fort Worth: This has been one of the top investment areas for some time due to its surging population, relatively affordable housing, and diverse employment opportunities.
  2. Jacksonville, Florida: Although the Jacksonville market isn’t for everyone due to its reputation for crime, Jacksonville also has a growing job market and has been a popular investment haven for institutional investors, who own over 22% of single-family rental houses.
  3. Tampa, Florida: Tampa has had a bad investment rap in recent years due to extreme weather and high insurance costs, but it also has a strong tourism base, a high number of Fortune 1000 companies, and a high influx of new residents, along with its neighbor, St. Petersburg. It offers both a good short-term and long-term rental market.
  4. Birmingham, Alabama: New development and a robust healthcare sector have helped make low-cost Alabama another investment favorite in recent years.

Final Thoughts

Headlines are designed to get your attention, but the devil is in the details. There are good and bad markets within most metros. Detroit, Memphis, and Columbus are also mentioned as favorable rental markets, but good investments are very much a neighborhood-to-neighborhood, and sometimes street-to-street, proposition.

One important thing to distinguish from headlines that use the words “rental market” is that they often refer to large apartment buildings with amenities and funded by Wall Street. These buildings can afford to offer concessions because they have so many units and often factor them into their lease-up models to entice residents—a move often followed by rapid rent hikes!

As a small investor, you can afford to be a little more nuanced—renting for less, with moderate rent increases and no junk fees (parking, tech, and trash) to keep tenants in your rental. That’s a win-win. In that respect, every year can be a renters’ year.

Robinhood Gold Offer: Earn 7% APY on Up to $10,000 for 60 Days


Robinhood Gold: Earn 7% APY on Up to $10,000 for 60 Days

Robinhood is sending out a new offer to select Robinhood Gold members, giving them a chance to earn an impressive 7% APY on up to $10,000 in eligible brokerage cash for 60 days.

The regular Robinhood Gold cash rate is currently advertised at 3.6% APY, so this promotion nearly doubles the return for a limited time.

The offer was sent by email with the subject line “Give your cash a 7% APY boost.”

How to Earn 7% APY

Here’s how the offer works:

  1. Check your email or account for the targeted Robinhood Gold promotion.
  2. Make a qualifying deposit into your Robinhood brokerage account by November 19, 2026.
  3. Earn 7% APY on the first $10,000 of eligible brokerage cash for 60 days.
  4. Cash above $10,000 earns Robinhood Gold’s standard APY, currently advertised at 3.6%.

The offer applies to uninvested brokerage cash, so you don’t need to buy stocks or other investments to earn the boosted rate.

With the increased 7% promotional APY you can earn $112 on a $10,000 balance for 60 days. But that’s just a bonus of $54 compared to the regular rate.

Atlantic Bay to recruit Ohio LOs in licensing-led expansion


  • Key Insight: Discover how Atlantic Bay Mortgage Group is expanding during an industry consolidation wave.
  • What’s at Stake: Whether regional lenders can scale into new territories without relying on merger agreements.
    Overview bullets generated by AI with editorial review.

While rivals buy their way into new markets, Atlantic Bay Mortgage Group is getting there through state licenses. The Virginia Beach, Virginia-based company announced retail operations in Ohio after receiving its license on Oct. 13, its second new state since September, following Louisiana.

Processing Content

The company’s arrival into Ohio and Louisiana last month points to the type of regional opportunities lenders still see for expansion in today’s challenging business environment, while presenting an alternative to companies for entry into new markets beyond full-on mergers. 

Atlantic Bay, which said it would recruit Ohio mortgage bankers to join its team, is now licensed in 19 states located primarily in the Southeast and Mid-Atlantic regions. 

“We’re excited to expand Atlantic Bay’s presence into Ohio and strengthen our ability to serve families and communities throughout America’s Heartland,” said Kevin Cooke, executive vice president and regional manager at the lender, who will oversee operations in the Buckeye State.

“Ohio is a natural extension of our growing footprint and completes our presence across the Kentucky, Indiana and Ohio tristate region,” Cooke added. In Cincinnati, Atlantic Bay’s new presence complements existing resources in Kentucky and Indiana, with buyers in the metropolitan market often searching in nearby suburbs across all three states. 

In 2025, Atlantic Bay generated just over $4 billion in loans representing more than 13,000 units, according to an IEmergent analysis of Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data. 

Various ways lenders are expanding

The news comes amid a mortgage industry consolidation wave, which has been characterized by scores of new mergers or acquisitions over the past year. While most companies seeking to grow their footprint have done so through merger agreements or asset purchases as their peers put out for-sale signs, Atlantic Bay’s recent approach has been marked instead through obtaining new licenses in potential growth areas, including the states it just entered.

The Midwest is regularly cited as a region seeing home price appreciation over the past several months, even as data shows a slowdown in the rest of the country. Meanwhile, Louisiana regularly ranks high on the list of most affordable states in the Mortgage Bankers Association’s monthly payments report. 

On the retail lending front where Atlantic Bay mainly operates, rivals are also increasing their operational scope through channel or asset acquisitions this year. Companies like CMG Financial, Envoy Mortgage and Synergy One Lending all added to their teams in the past few months. Following its acquisition purchase, Synergy One itself agreed to a merger deal with American Pacific Mortgage.



Why Managers Misread Rankings


Imagine you’re a manager making an internal hire. You are considering two finalists: Monica and Jessica. Each comes from a different department, so you can’t compare them directly. Instead, you rely on their managers’ rankings of them within their teams. Monica is ranked third out of 12 employees in her department, and Jessica is ranked sixth out of 24 in hers. Who do you hire?



China’s first AI-generated film to get a theatrical release flops at the box office



Chinese audiences may be happy to let AI generate their microdramas—but a fully AI-generated feature film may be a step too far. 

China’s first AI-generated feature to release in cinemas, the sci-fi thriller Sanxingdui: Future Past, flopped at the Chinese box office. The movie, produced by Bona Film Group, tells the story of an archaeologist who must save the future world enslaved by AI, according to Chinese state media. It only managed to generate an estimated $180,000 through Monday, according to ticketing platform Maoyan. The film had a budget of $1.5 million, according to AFP.

Jiang Defu, the company’s chief operating officer, acknowledged the film’s lukewarm reception in an interview with Chinese film outlet Yuli. Still, he argued Sanxingdui was an important experiment. “We are the first to try it, the first to get a theatrical release permit, and the first to be tested by the audience,” he said. “I think that is not easy at all.”

Fortune has reached out to Bona Film Group for comment. 

Social media reactions to the film have been mixed. “China’s first AI movie totally traumatized me,” wrote one user on Xiaohongshu, a Chinese social media platform similar to Instagram. Another user was more positive: “My biggest takeaway? AI movies are super low-cost and let you tell stories with complete freedom.”

Do audiences want AI feature films? 

AI has already taken over microdramas, or shorter narratives designed for social media platforms like TikTok. According to Caixin, over 95% of the more than 120,000 Chinese microdramas released in the first quarter of 2026 were AI-generated, compared with nearly zero just a year ago. The cost of making these dramas has plummeted too, down to as little as $3,000.

But Sanxingdui’s flop suggests that consumers don’t want to see AI in a full-length movie.

“The public is highly skeptical about AI use in major feature films, despite their general acceptance of short-form films,” said Stanley Rosen, a University of Southern California professor who specializes in Chinese film and society. 

In the U.S., the use of AI in filmmaking is controversial. In 2023, U.S. screenwriters and actors went on strike, in part to demand protections against the use of AI. AI models like those from ByteDance and Higgsfield AI are already being used in Hollywood productions.

On Oct. 9, Netflix released its crime thriller “Animals,” whose director Ben Affleck admitted that he had used AI. “I used [AI] for lots of things in that movie,” Affleck said during a Bloomberg event, adding that he was “a little bit hesitant to point out what they are” because movies are meant to “foster the illusion of reality.” 

Rosen says that he isn’t convinced that audiences would watch an AI-generated film in theatres unless it could match the quality of the likes of “Avatar” or “Nezha 2.” Such films may instead find a home on streaming platforms such as Netflix and Amazon Prime Video. “The financial loss of Sanxingdui: Future Past will compel others contemplating using AI for feature films to tread more carefully,” he says. 

Citi AAdvantage Executive 125,000 Mile Offer


Update 10/27/26: Previous link dead, this link still working. Hat tip to Emhyr

The Offer

Direct link to offer

  • Citi is offering 125,000 miles after spending $15,000 within five months on the AAdvantage Executive card.

 

Card Details

Card was recently refreshed, here are the updated details:

  • $695 annual fee 
  • $500 credit for American Airlines vacation packages – that’s one $250 credit January through June and another $250 July through December
  • $100 inflight and Admiral Club credit
  • Card earning rates:
    • 12x on eligible hotels and car rentals booked through American Airlines 
    • 4x on American Airlines purchases (it goes up to 5x after you spend $150k on the card in a calendar year)
    • 1x on all other purchases
  • Up to $120 back on eligible Avis or Budget car rentals every calendar year.
  • Admiral club access (includes authorized users)
  • Omni Hotels:
    • Omni Hotels Champion status
    • Omni Hotels Free Night Credit (must complete an eligible stay of two nights first)
  • Avis President’s Club Status
  • Loyalty bonus points after loyalty point thresholds. 
    • 10,000 after 50,000 earned 
    • 10,000 after 90,000 earned 
    • 10,000 after 165,000 earned 
    • 10,000 after 240,000 earned 
  • $15 Lyft credit after you complete three Lyft rides that month 
  • Mastercard Legend 
  • No foreign purchase fees
  • Enhanced Airport Experience
  • First Checked Bag Free
  • $100 Credit For Global Entry/TSA PreCheck
  • 48 month rule does apply

Our Verdict

This is the highest bonus ever at 125k whereas previously we were seeing a high of 100k. They did increase the spend from $10k to $15k and some people will prefer the old offer. Still, if someone can do the spend, the extra 25k miles for $5,000 spend isn’t a bad deal.

As part of the revamp, the annual fee is now $695 instead of $595 which makes it harder to justify long term. The new $500 vacation booking credits will help for some people, though many will find this primarily attractive for the first year with the 125k signup bonus. We will add it to the best credit card bonuses.

What Doing Everything Myself Taught Me as a Founder


Opinions expressed by Entrepreneur contributors are their own.

Key Takeaways

  • When I launched my business with an $8,000 credit card, I couldn’t afford a team. Instead, I packed boxes, handled customer service and learned the company from the ground up.
  • Doing the work myself taught me how much work was involved and what customers needed. When I started hiring, I knew what I was asking people to do because I’d already done it myself.
  • I spent money where it mattered. I had to think carefully about what the business needed, rather than what I wanted it to look like in a few years. 

I started my medical business, MedLab International, with only an $8,000 credit card. I used that money to pay for my website and the first batch of inventory, but it also left me in a difficult position. Unless I could start bringing in orders and delivering on my promises to customers fast, I wouldn’t be able to pay my rent.

So, with no outside investment and very little money to work with, I couldn’t afford to hire people to do the work for me back then. I had to figure out how to run the business myself.

I didn’t realize it at the time, but having to do everything myself taught me how my business actually worked. When I eventually started hiring, I had a much better idea of what I needed from people because I’d already done their jobs myself.

Do the work yourself

When you’re bootstrapping a business, you don’t always have the money to hire someone every time a new job needs doing. In the early days of MedLab, that meant I had to do pretty much everything myself.

I packed boxes in the warehouse, managed inventory and negotiated directly with suppliers. I couldn’t afford a forklift, so I climbed warehouse racks to move boxes around. I even drove packages to the post office at 3 p.m. on Saturdays to make sure customers got their orders on time.

Outside the warehouse, I also handled customer support and onboarding. I continued doing much of this work myself as the business grew because I couldn’t afford to build the right team overnight and didn’t want to rush that process.

The hours were long, but doing those jobs taught me how much work was involved and what customers needed from us. When I eventually started hiring, I knew what I was asking people to do because I’d already done it myself.

Spend money where it matters

When you first start a business, it’s very tempting to spend money on things that will make it feel like a proper company. There’s an impulse to splash out on an office, hire a big team or bring outside experts on board. But none of those things necessarily help you make your first sale.

Because I didn’t have venture capital or money to fall back on, I had to be careful about where every dollar went. I negotiated with suppliers, kept costs down wherever I could and put money back into the business rather than buying things we didn’t really need back then.

I couldn’t afford to spend money just because something would make my life easier. I had to think carefully about what the business needed, rather than what I wanted it to look like in a few years. 

Don’t get me wrong, there’s a time to invest in offices and bigger teams. But there’s no point spending money you don’t have on things you don’t need yet.

Know when it’s time to grow

As the business grew, there were more orders to pack, customers to deal with and work than I could realistically handle myself. That’s when I knew it was time to start bringing people in. Luckily, when I started hiring, I knew exactly which jobs I needed help with because I’d already spent countless hours doing them myself.

But knowing which jobs needed filling was only part of it. I also had to find the right people. I’ve always liked hiring people with a chip on their shoulder. People who might not have the most impressive qualifications but have something to prove. I look for people who are willing to work hard and learn as they go.

Some of those early hires from around 10 years ago are still with us today. Seeing them grow with the business, buy homes and support their families has been one of the best parts of the whole experience.

Keep building, even when you succeed

MedLab started out in a warehouse that was around 600 square feet. We then moved into a 1,100-square-foot space and eventually grew into a 160,000-square-foot operation. We also made the Inc. 5000 list, which is something I never would have imagined when I was packing boxes myself and only sleeping a few hours a night.

But even then, I didn’t spend much time celebrating. I put the Inc. 5000 plaques in a closet and got back to work. I’ve since gone on to build several other businesses, and I still love the process of starting something from nothing. I think those early years, when I had no choice but to do everything myself, taught me more than anything else.

Success is not arrival; it is becoming. There is no finish line. The price is the point, and I will keep inching forward every single day forever.

Key Takeaways

  • When I launched my business with an $8,000 credit card, I couldn’t afford a team. Instead, I packed boxes, handled customer service and learned the company from the ground up.
  • Doing the work myself taught me how much work was involved and what customers needed. When I started hiring, I knew what I was asking people to do because I’d already done it myself.
  • I spent money where it mattered. I had to think carefully about what the business needed, rather than what I wanted it to look like in a few years. 

I started my medical business, MedLab International, with only an $8,000 credit card. I used that money to pay for my website and the first batch of inventory, but it also left me in a difficult position. Unless I could start bringing in orders and delivering on my promises to customers fast, I wouldn’t be able to pay my rent.

So, with no outside investment and very little money to work with, I couldn’t afford to hire people to do the work for me back then. I had to figure out how to run the business myself.

I didn’t realize it at the time, but having to do everything myself taught me how my business actually worked. When I eventually started hiring, I had a much better idea of what I needed from people because I’d already done their jobs myself.

Education Department Expands Professional Degree List To 30 Programs After Oregon Ruling


Key Points

  • The Department of Education added Doctor of Naturopathy and Doctor of Naturopathic Medicine programs to its professional degree list on October 23, 2026, after a federal court order.
  • Students in these programs can now borrow up to $50,000 a year and $200,000 total in Direct Unsubsidized Loans, up from $20,500 and $100,000.
  • The designation is temporary while the lawsuit continues. Schools may still cap these loans at the lower graduate limits.

The Department of Education updated its list of professional degree programs on October 23, 2026, to include naturopathic medicine. A Federal Student Aid electronic announcement now treats Doctor of Naturopathy (N.D.) and Doctor of Naturopathic Medicine (N.M.D.) programs under CIP code 51.3303 as professional degrees.

That brings the interim list to 30 programs, one more than the 29 the Department published after a June court stay expanded the professional degree list.

The update follows a preliminary injunction issued October 16 by Judge Michael Simon of the U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon. In a 60-page opinion (PDF File), Simon found the Department likely broke the law by applying criteria outside the statute when it classified the N.D. as a graduate degree.

He also found the agency treated the N.D. inconsistently with other degrees that made the list. Law firm Thompson Coburn says it’s the first ruling to grant professional status to a specific degree under the new professional student loan caps.

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Why It Matters

Professional status more than doubles the annual amount a naturopathic student can borrow in federal loans. Under the graduate student loan limits that took effect July 1, 2026, a graduate student can borrow $20,500 a year and $100,000 total in Direct Unsubsidized Loans. A professional student can borrow $50,000 a year and $200,000 total.

A student in a four-year N.D. program capped at $20,500 a year could borrow $82,000 in federal loans. At the professional limit, that same student could borrow up to $200,000, or $118,000 more. Without the change, that difference would have to come from savings, school aid or private health professional student loans.

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Graduate Vs. Professional Loan Limits For Naturopathic Students
Limit Graduate Student Professional Student
Annual Limit $20,500 $50,000
Aggregate Limit $100,000 $200,000
Four Years At The Annual Cap $82,000 $200,000
Source: Federal Student Aid, Thompson Coburn. The College Investor.

Which Programs Count As Professional Degrees Now?

Thirty programs are treated as professional degrees while the court orders remain in place. The October update adds CIP code 51.3303, and it covers any program in the same four-digit CIP code that awards the N.D. or N.M.D. credential. The Department used the same four-digit approach in July, when it added more nursing and psychology programs to the list.

Here’s how the list got to 30:

  • The RISE final rule, published May 1, 2026, named 11 fields as professional degrees.
  • A June 24 stay from the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia expanded the interim list to 29 programs, including nursing, physician assistant and physical therapy degrees.
  • That stay also left several theology, psychology and pharmaceutical science programs off the list.
  • The Oregon injunction added naturopathy as the 30th program, effective “until further guidance is provided,” per Federal Student Aid.

The full interim list is below. Programs must award the degree shown to qualify.

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Programs Treated As Professional Degrees, October 2026
CIP Code Program Qualifying Degree
01.8001 Veterinary Medicine D.V.M.
22.0101 Law L.L.B., J.D.
39.0602 Divinity/Ministry M.Div.
39.0605 Rabbinical Studies M.H.L.
42.2801 Clinical Psychology Ph.D., Psy.D.
42.2803 Counseling Psychology Psy.D.
42.2805 School Psychology Psy.D.
42.2807 Clinical Child Psychology Psy.D.
42.2810 Health/Medical Psychology Psy.D.
42.2811 Family Psychology Psy.D.
42.2812 Forensic Psychology Psy.D.
42.2899 Clinical, Counseling And Applied Psychology, Other Psy.D.
51.0101 Chiropractic D.C., D.C.M.
51.0202 Audiology AuD
51.0203 Speech-Language Pathology SLP
51.0401 Dentistry D.D.S., D.M.D.
51.0809 Anesthesiologist Assistant CAA
51.0912 Physician Associate/Assistant MSPA, PA
51.0913 Athletic Training MSAT, MAT
51.1201 Medicine M.D.
51.1202 Osteopathic Medicine D.O.
51.1203 Podiatry D.P.M., D.P., Pod.D.
51.1701 Optometry O.D.
51.2001 Pharmacy Pharm.D.
51.2306 Occupational Therapy OT, MSOT, OTD
51.2308 Physical Therapy PT, DPT
51.3303 Naturopathy/Naturopathic Medicine (New) N.D., N.M.D.
51.3801 Registered Nursing MSN
51.3804 Nurse Anesthetist DNAP
51.3818 Nursing Practice DNP
Source: Federal Student Aid. The College Investor.

How Do Schools Apply The Higher Limit?

Schools can raise loans that were already made at the graduate level this year. Federal Student Aid says a school with a 2026–27 loan coded at the graduate level can update the student level code and raise the amount to the professional limit. The school can also originate a second loan for the difference. That level code is what separates a graduate degree from a professional degree in the federal loan system.

The higher limit isn’t automatic, though. Federal Student Aid told schools they can set program-level loan limits and suggested some keep these programs at graduate caps while the litigation plays out.

The Association of Accredited Naturopathic Medical Colleges advises students not to make borrowing decisions based on the announcement alone and to work with their aid office instead. Students who borrow more should also run the numbers on repayment under the new Repayment Assistance Plan before accepting the full amount.

The reversal risk is real. If the designation is reversed, Federal Student Aid says schools don’t have to adjust amounts already disbursed. Any later disbursements would drop back to the graduate limit, which could leave a student short in the middle of a program. That’s the same planning problem medical students face when federal loans fall short of medical school costs.

Students should also realize that just because they can borrow more doesn’t mean that they can afford it after graduation. Degrees like naturopathic medicine can be challenging to repay significant amounts of student loan debt because there is not easy pathway to loan forgiveness programs that can help.

How This Connects

The naturopathic ruling is one piece of a larger legal fight over which degrees count as professional. At least five other pending cases challenge the RISE rule’s definition, including the lawsuit from 23 states over graduate loan caps and a union lawsuit over nursing and social work borrowing.

Each case seeks relief only for the degrees it names. Congress is also weighing changes, with a House bill that would make graduate nursing a professional degree.

The injunction itself covers the three plaintiff groups and their members. Those are the Association of Accredited Naturopathic Medical Colleges, the Naturopathic Medical Student Association and the American Association of Naturopathic Physicians. Federal Student Aid added the CIP code to its general list, which is what schools use when they process loans under the July 2026 federal student loan changes.

What’s Next

The Department says it will keep defending the RISE rule, and it can appeal the injunction to the Ninth Circuit or seek an expedited summary judgment ruling. Judge Simon denied the Department’s request for a stay pending appeal, so the higher limit stands for now.

Several of the other professional degree cases finish summary judgment briefing before the end of 2026, which could reshape the list again. Borrowers should watch those rulings alongside the other major student loan changes from 2026.

Editor: Colin Graves

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