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Principles of Management | Class 12 | Business Studies | Chapter 2 | BST Bhaiya



🎓 Principles of Management | Class 12 Business Studies | Full Chapter Explained with Animation
Welcome to BST Bhaiya! In this video, we explain the Principles of Management chapter from Class 12 Business Studies in a simple, crisp, and animated way—perfect for quick revision before your exams!

Mind Map –

📌 What you’ll learn in this video:
✔️ Meaning and Importance of Management Principles
✔️ Henri Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management
✔️ Scientific Management by F.W. Taylor
✔️ Difference Between Fayol and Taylor
✔️ Real-life Applications of Principles
✔️ NCERT-based questions and examples

📚 This video is strictly based on the CBSE syllabus and follows the NCERT book. Ideal for last-minute revision and concept clarity!

🔔 Don’t forget to LIKE, SHARE & SUBSCRIBE to BST Bhaiya for more animated videos on Business Studies Class 12.

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#Class12BusinessStudies #PrinciplesOfManagement #BSTBhaiya #FayolVsTaylor #BusinessStudiesClass12 #CBSE2025 #NCERTBusinessStudies

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PSLF Buyback Delays: Timeline & Updates


Key Points

  • The PSLF Buyback backlog stood at roughly 88,000 pending requests as of April 30, 2026, though the Department of Education estimates 18,000 to 19,000 of those are duplicate submissions.
  • April 2026 was the first month decisions outpaced new requests since court-ordered reporting began: 6,870 requests were processed against 4,790 received, with a 96% approval rate.
  • Based on reader reports to The College Investor, average processing time now runs 20 to 24 months — borrowers who submitted requests in December 2024 are still waiting as of August 2026.

The Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) Buyback program lets borrowers pay for past months spent in deferment or forbearance so those months count toward the 120 payments needed for forgiveness. The program popular due to the SAVE forbearance and remains badly backed up.

As of the most recent court-filed data, about 88,000 buyback requests were pending with the Department of Education. That’s up from 49,318 when court-ordered reporting began in mid-2025, and it peaked at 89,720 in March 2026. The department now says a meaningful share of the queue (an estimated 18,000 to 19,000 requests) are duplicates from borrowers who submitted more than once while waiting, which would put the true number of borrowers in line closer to 69,000 to 70,000.

There is one piece of real progress: April 2026 was the first month on record where the department decided more buyback requests than it received. Whether that pace holds is the question that will determine how long borrowers keep waiting.

What The Numbers Look Like

For most of the program’s existence, borrowers had no visibility into the buyback queue. That changed because of a lawsuit.

The American Federation of Teachers sued the Department of Education over stalled income-driven repayment (IDR) and PSLF processing. Under the resulting agreement in AFT v. U.S. Department of Education, the department must file status reports with the federal court showing exactly how many IDR and buyback applications it received, processed, approved, and denied each month. The agreement also protects delayed borrowers from an unexpected tax bill — more on that below.

The most recent report, filed May 19, 2026, covers April and shows:

  • 4,790 new buyback requests received
  • 6,870 requests processed — 6,600 approved, 200 denied, and 70 closed without a decision
  • 11,500 loan discharges completed
  • ~88,000 requests still pending

The approval rate has climbed sharply. In February 2026, about 81% of decided requests were approved. By April, that figure hit 96%,a sign the department is clearing eligible requests rather than working through denials.

One caveat: some of those denials and closures are hitting borrowers who reached 120 qualifying payments on their own while waiting, making their buyback requests moot by the time they were reviewed.

Judge Reggie B. Walton held a status conference in the case on August 5, 2026, and the next one is set for September 2, 2026. Data covering May, June, and July had not been publicly filed as of this update.

It’s also likely the queue of pending requests has dropped to the 60,000 range as the duplicates were removed en-masse in June and July 2026.

How Does PSLF Buyback Work?

PLSF Buyback allows borrowers seeking Public Service Loan Forgiveness to make payments for time in forbearance as a lump sum.

Borrowers interested in PSLF Buyback must submit a request through PSLF Reconsideration and specify that they are seeking to buy back months. If approved, they must make a lump-sum payment equivalent to what they would have owed under an Income-Driven Repayment (IDR) plan for the months they are buying back.

Key details on eligibility:

  • Borrowers must have 120 approved months of qualifying employment before applying.
  • Only deferment or forbearance periods tied to eligible employment can be bought back.
  • The buyback amount is calculated based on what the borrower’s IDR payment would have been at the time.
  • Payments must be completed within 90 days of receiving the buyback agreement.

Once the payment is made, the borrower’s loan is processed for PSLF forgiveness.

How Long Does PSLF Buyback Take?

The process still follows five stages, but the wait at stage two is where borrowers get stuck:

  1. Request submitted through StudentAid.gov
  2. Review — a manual eligibility check by Federal Student Aid staff. This is the bottleneck. Based on reader reports to The College Investor, average processing time is now 20 to 24 months, and borrowers who submitted in December 2024 are still waiting as of August 2026.
  3. Buyback agreement sent with the amount owed
  4. Payment window — 90 days to pay
  5. Final processing — forgiveness and discharge, which can take several additional weeks to show on your account

When this article was first published in early 2025, the department was quoting 60 to 90 days for processing. That guidance is gone.

The department no longer publishes an official timeline, and the math explains why: even at April’s record pace of 6,870 decisions per month, working through 88,000 pending requests would take about 13 months — or roughly 10 months if the duplicate requests are stripped out first. And that math only covers the current queue, not the borrowers already deep in it. The department says it plans to identify and remove duplicates up front rather than catching them later in the process, which should help.

If you’re close to 120 payments, it may pay to compare buyback against simply resuming payments — many borrowers in the queue will hit 120 through regular monthly payments before their request is ever reviewed.

What This Means For Your Household

If you’re waiting on buyback, your loans stay in their current status until the request is decided — and for many borrowers, that means payments continue. Here’s the practical fallout:

Keep making payments if you’re in repayment. Months you pay while waiting still count toward PSLF if you’re in a qualifying plan and job. If forgiveness comes through later, payments made beyond your 120th qualifying month should be refunded.

Don’t count on forgiveness for near-term financial planning. If you’re budgeting around loan forgiveness — for a home purchase, a career change, or retirement timing — build in about two years of cushion. Borrowers who submitted in December 2024 are still waiting.

Don’t submit a second request. Duplicate submissions don’t speed anything up. The department has flagged roughly one in five pending requests as duplicates, and they’ve clogged the queue for everyone.

Watch your email and StudentAid.gov account. The 90-day payment clock starts when your agreement arrives. Missing that window means starting over. Our PSLF checklist covers what to track while you wait.

Is Buyback Protected In The Future?

Despite all the proposed changes to student loans, PSLF buyback does appear safe for now. It has bipartisan support because borrowers are making payments towards their loans, and that’s viewed as a good thing.

However, it’s not guaranteed to exist forever. While PSLF was created by Congress (and thus would require Congressional action to eliminate), PSLF Buyback was created through rulemaking. This means that the current administration could create new rules to change the program or eliminate it.

Since borrowers are making lump sum payments, this currently doesn’t appear to be under threat. But with the layoffs at the Department of Education, the manual process of PSLF buyback may be facing serious delays.

If you are eligible for PSLF buyback, you should submit your reconsideration request as soon as possible to make sure you’re in the queue. 

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The post PSLF Buyback Delays: Timeline & Updates appeared first on The College Investor.

Where international buyers are still showing up in 2026


As international home demand shifts away from traditional coastal markets, Texas has emerged as a relative beneficiary, particularly as affordability pressures in California continue to redirect where global buyers look first.

Texas international residential buyers — April 2025 to March 2026

Homes purchased

7,780

Up 4% from 7,500

Total spending

$4B

Down from $4.8B

Median price

$375K

Down 11% YoY

Share of TX sales

2.3%

Same as prior year


Country of origin — share of Texas purchases


Texas vs top US states — share of all US international purchases


Buyer profile

62%

US residents on visa or recent immigrants

57%

Purchased a primary residence

83%

Bought a detached single-family home

58%

Chose a suburban location


Top reasons international clients did not purchase

Source: 2026 Texas International Residential Transactions Report, Texas Realtors. Survey research by the National Association of Realtors Research Group.

Who is buying and what they’re buying

Most international buyers in Texas, or 62%, were residents living on visas or as recent immigrants rather than non-resident foreign nationals.

Primary residences accounted for 57% of purchases, and detached single-family homes made up 83% of transactions.

Suburban locations drew 58% of buyers, and 38% paid all cash.

For clients who did not ultimately purchase, cost, lack of suitable inventory, and immigration laws each deterred 27% of prospective buyers, a notable shift from the prior year, when financing access ranked among the top barriers at 19%.

Drivers of Mercedes AMG cars claim front-seat logo gets so hot that it literally brands them



Two drivers of Mercedes AMG cars have filed a class action lawsuit against the luxury car company, claiming that the AMG logo on their driver’s seat gets so hot that it literally brands them and causes burns.

Gabriel Lahijani and Karendeep “Karina” Bath allege the front seats of certain Mercedes AMG vehicles have a design defect where the raised metallic AMG logo is “reasonably expected to contact an occupant’s upper back, neck, or shoulder,” according to the court document filed earlier this week in the U.S. District Court of California’s Western division.

The plaintiffs want Mercedes to compensate them for any medical expenses, as well as any pain, suffering and emotional distress they can prove at trial. They also want Mercedes to pay for other owners to have the logo removed from their cars.

Mercedes-Benz couldn’t be reached immediately for comment.

Lahigani, a Los Angeles resident, had leased a new 2026 Mercedes-AMG E-Class vehicle from an authorized Mercedes-Benz dealership in Los Angeles, according to the suit. He reported receiving second-degree burns on his back on May 31, after entering his vehicle wearing a tank top. A board-certified dermatologist subsequently documented first- and second-degree burns, describing the injury as “AMG inscribed.”

Roughly six weeks later, Bath, a Chatsworth, California resident, received similar burns allegedly from the logo design while wearing a sleeveless top. After parking her Mercedes-AMG vehicle in Los Angeles, Bath returned to the vehicle and entered the driver’s seat, the suit said. Her shoulder immediately touched the logo, causing a burning sensation. In the following days, a mark in the shape of the AMG logo “darkened and became visible on her skin, consistent with a thermal contact burn,” the lawsuit said.

In December, Mercedes-Benz USA and parent company Daimer AG agreed to pay $149.6 million to settle allegations that the automaker secretly installed devices in hundreds of thousands of vehicles to pass emission tests, according to an announcement by a coalition of attorneys general.

According to the coalition, between 2008 and 2016 the German automaker equipped more than 211,000 diesel passenger cars and vans with software devices that optimized emission controls during tests but reduced the controls during normal operations.

European Union Moves Forward With MiCA Review To Address Non-EU Stablecoin Guidelines


The European Union is advancing a formal review of its Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA), with particular attention directed toward rules governing stablecoins issued outside the bloc. Officials view the exercise as necessary to close gaps that have become more visible since the framework entered full application and amid international developments in digital assets.

MiCA created the EU’s first comprehensive, harmonized set of rules for crypto-assets, their issuers and service providers.

Provisions covering asset-referenced tokens and e-money tokens (commonly known as stablecoins) began applying in mid-2024, with the remaining requirements taking effect later that year.

The regulation requires EU-based authorisation for issuers, imposes strict reserve, redemption and disclosure obligations, and aims to protect consumers while supporting innovation within a single market.

However, the current text does not explicitly address multi-issuer arrangements in which the same fungible stablecoin is issued both by an EU-authorised entity and by entities based in third countries.

Nor does it contain an equivalence mechanism that would allow recognition of comparable regulatory regimes elsewhere.

As a result, non-EU issuers that wish to reach European users generally need to establish a local presence and meet MiCA standards in full.

Policymakers have grown concerned that this approach may limit access to global liquidity, create supervisory challenges when reserves are held across jurisdictions, and leave room for regulatory arbitrage.

These issues have gained urgency following the adoption of dedicated stablecoin legislation in other major markets, notably the United States.

Dollar-denominated tokens continue to dominate global volumes, and European institutions, including the European Central Bank, have highlighted potential financial-stability risks arising from cross-border multi-issuance structures.

At the same time, market activity in tokenised deposits and other distributed-ledger-based payment instruments has expanded, areas that fall partly or wholly outside MiCA’s original perimeter.

In response, the European Commission opened public and targeted consultations in May 2026.

Stakeholders were invited to comment on whether the existing rules remain fit for purpose, whether an equivalence regime for third-country stablecoin frameworks should be introduced, how multi-issuer models should be treated, and whether the regulation’s scope should be widened to cover additional activities such as certain forms of decentralised finance, staking, lending and tokenised payments.

The deadline for responses was later extended to the end of September 2026.

Under the terms of MiCA itself, the Commission is required to deliver a review report by mid-2027.

That report may be accompanied by legislative proposals.

Diplomats familiar with the discussions describe a reopening of the file as effectively inevitable, driven both by internal institutional positions and by the need to keep pace with technological and regulatory changes abroad.

Any eventual amendments would still need to navigate the ordinary legislative procedure, meaning new rules would be unlikely to take effect before 2028.

The review therefore represents an opportunity to refine Europe’s approach: preserving strong consumer and financial-stability safeguards while improving interoperability with global markets and ensuring the framework remains competitive. Crypto and blockchain industry participants, supervisors and other interested parties have a clear window in which to shape the next iteration of the rules.



China factory-gate inflation slows more than expected in July




China factory-gate inflation slows more than expected in July

Legendary Investor Dan Loeb on AI, Credit, & Third Point’s $25B Strategy



Patrick O’Shaughnessy sits down with Dan Loeb, the legendary investor and founder of Third Point. Dan shares his incredible evolution from a deep-value, event-driven credit investor to a dynamic capital allocator spanning equities, venture capital, and private credit. They dive into the current macro environment, focusing heavily on the transformative power of AI, semiconductors, and energy. Dan also unpacks his most memorable activist campaigns, including Sotheby’s and Sony, and explains what makes a truly great corporate governance structure. Additionally, he reveals the painful lessons learned from the FTX collapse, the genius of the Danaher business system, and how his firm uses reinsurance to drive growth. This is a masterclass in market adaptation, continuous improvement, and the enduring value of human connection in finance.

#Investing #DanLoeb #ThirdPoint #HedgeFunds #StockMarket #VentureCapital #AI #CorporateGovernance #ActivistInvesting #Finance

Timestamps:
0:00 Intro
2:48 Macro Views and Tech Trends
5:13 The Roots of Third Point
10:30 Evolving to Quality and Thematic Investing
19:07 Market Psychology and Inefficiencies
24:10 Good and Bad Corporate Governance
29:19 Activism
31:23 Sotheby’s
41:37 AI
44:28 Sony
52:50 Danaher’s Operating System
56:31 Building an Insurance Business
59:25 FTX
1:05:17 What Makes a Great Analyst Today
1:07:24 The Next Decade
1:10:00 Kindest Thing

Presented by Ramp:

Sponsored by Vanta, WorkOS, Rogo, and Ridgeline:

******
Patrick O’Shaughnessy is the CEO of Positive Sum. All opinions expressed by Patrick and podcast guests are solely their own and do not reflect the opinion of Positive Sum. This podcast is for informational purposes only and should not be relied upon as a basis for investment decisions. Clients of Positive Sum may maintain positions in the securities discussed in this podcast. To learn more, visit psum.vc

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Total Portfolio Approach (TPA) | RPC


Strategic asset allocation has served as the dominant organizing framework for institutional investment over three decades. It has provided clear governance, disciplined benchmarking, and a common language grounded in modern portfolio theory. For many asset owners, SAA remains fit for purpose.

But SAA has structural limitations that are becoming harder to ignore. Benchmarks can drift from an institution’s actual objectives — such as meeting liabilities, preserving purchasing power, and supporting intergenerational equity — to becoming ends in themselves. The separation of benchmark design from portfolio construction fragments decision making, with asset-class teams optimizing locally rather than collectively. And the largely static capital market assumptions on which SAA depends are increasingly unreliable in an environment shaped by AI disruption, expanding private markets, sustainability risks, and shifting geopolitics. The question confronting many asset owners today is not whether these limitations exist but whether they have become material enough to warrant a different approach.

The total portfolio approach offers an integrated, goal-driven, and dynamic framework that evaluates every investment based on its contribution to the total fund’s objectives rather than managing capital through rigid asset-class silos. Evidence from leading adopters, including Australia’s Future Fund and the New Zealand Superannuation Fund (NZ Super), suggests that TPA strengthens governance alignment, increases portfolio resilience, and is associated with strong performance.

This report is written primarily for asset owner boards, CIOs, and senior investment leaders who are questioning whether their current SAA-based framework remains adequate and who seek to learn how TPA can be adopted effectively and safely. Portfolio managers, outsourced chief investment officers (OCIOs), and service providers supporting these institutions may also take interest in the report.

To ground this report in current practice, its contents are informed by interviews with 14 senior executives working with organizations that are adopting TPA. Our findings suggest the following:

  • TPA is a spectrum, not a binary switch: Organizations can adopt TPA in stages, from enhancing their existing SAA with total-fund thinking (expressed as “Level 1”) to full one-fund integration (expressed as “Level 5”). Partial transitions may still offer significant benefits, and full transition may not be cost-effective in many cases.
  • The barriers to adoption tend to be organizational rather than technical: The most commonly cited challenges are cultural change, team coordination, and governance — not investment methodology. For this reason, much of this report focuses on people and change management within TPA adoption.

After reading this report, asset owners should be more equipped to

  • assess whether their current SAA framework adequately serves their fund’s real objectives;
  • evaluate organizational readiness for TPA adoption, including governance, culture, skills, and data capabilities;
  • identify which level of TPA integration is appropriate for their circumstances; and
  • begin with practical first steps, such as belief setting, governance review, or reference portfolio design.

The transition to TPA requires important changes to governance structures, technology capabilities, and investment processes. It is not a quick fix. But for organizations willing to invest in the foundations, TPA represents a gateway that can catalyze stronger resilience, more adaptive decision making, and better portfolio alignment to long-term objectives.

Three Griffon Executives Sold Into an Earnings Pop. Here’s What to Know


Chief Financial Officer Brian G. Harris reported a sale of 11,050 shares of Griffon Corporation (GFF +0.86%) on August 5, according to an SEC Form 4 filing.

Transaction summary

Metric Value
Transaction value $1.1 million
Shares sold 11,050
Post-transaction shares 138,860
Post-transaction shares (directly held) 133,916
Post-transaction shares (indirectly held) 4,944
Post-transaction value $14.28 million

Transaction value based on SEC Form 4 weighted average sale price ($103.27); post-transaction value based on the August 5 market close ($102.81).

Key questions

  • How does this disposition align with the insider’s total equity exposure?
    Following the sale of 8% of his direct holdings, Brian G. Harris retains close to 139,000 total shares, representing a beneficial ownership value of $14.28 million as of the August 5 market close.
  • What were the execution details for the reported sale?
    The transaction was executed in multiple trades at weighted-average prices ranging from $103.00 to $104.05 per share, according to the transaction footnotes.
  • What is the current scale of Griffon Corporation’s operations?
    Griffon Corporation maintains a market capitalization of $4.9 billion and reported trailing-twelve-month revenue of $2.5 billion.
  • How has the stock performed leading up to this transaction?
    As of the transaction date, the stock has appreciated close to 50% over the trailing 12 months and was priced at $106.30 as of the August 6 market close.

Company Overview

Metric Value
Share Price (as of market close 2026-08-06) $106.30
Market Capitalization $4.9 billion
Revenue (TTM) $2.5 billion

Company Snapshot

  • Griffon Corporation manufactures and distributes a comprehensive portfolio of consumer, professional, and home & building products through its global subsidiaries, generating revenue across residential and commercial markets in North America, Europe, Australia, and other international territories.
  • The company operates through its Consumer and Professional Products division, which develops and commercializes a wide spectrum of branded products designed for both residential and commercial applications, generating revenue through direct sales, distribution partnerships, and retail channels.
  • Griffon serves a diversified customer base, including homeowners, professional contractors, commercial enterprises, and retail distributors, positioning itself as a comprehensive supplier of construction materials and home improvement products across multiple end markets.

Griffon Corporation is a diversified global enterprise with a market capitalization of $4.9 billion. The company leverages its extensive product portfolio and international distribution network to maintain competitive positioning in the construction materials and home & building products sectors. With a one-year share price appreciation of 50%, Griffon demonstrates strong market performance driven by operational execution and favorable market conditions in its core end markets.

What this transaction means for investors

Three top Griffon executives reported selling into the same earnings-day jump, so this reads less like one person’s decision and more like the leadership team collectively cashing in on a spike. And to be fair, Griffon’s fiscal third quarter gave them a strong opening. Revenue rose 7% to $481 million, adjusted earnings reached $1.51 a share, and the company reaffirmed its full-year targets of $1.8 billion in revenue and $458 million in adjusted EBITDA.

The company has also leaned hard on returning cash to shareholders, buying back more than 12 million shares since April 2023. So, ultimately, Griffon has spent years buying its own stock while three of its most senior people sold theirs into a single post-earnings pop, a contrast that speaks more to personal timing at a high than to anything about how the business is holding up.

Shares jumped 10% on the day of the report and climbed another 3% on Friday. They’re now up over 50% this past year and hitting new record highs. That bodes well for shareholders, including the executives whose incentives are aligned with performance.

Jonathan Ponciano has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.

Mortgage Rates Move Higher on Jobs Report Defense


Mortgage rates moved higher again today on the eve of the July jobs report.

The monthly jobs report from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) is always the biggest potential mover of mortgage rates.

It carries the most weight because it can impact Fed decision making the most.

While the Fed doesn’t set mortgage rates, bond and MBS investors look to the Fed to see which way policy is headed.

Given the not-so-friendly trend lately, mortgage rates are playing defense ahead of its release.

Mortgage Rates Higher with Jobs Data on Deck

Tomorrow, we’ll get another hotly-anticipated monthly jobs report from the BLS.

The consensus is 83,000 new jobs created during the month of July, which would be well above the 57,000 added in June.

In addition, the unemployment rate is expected to hold steady at 4.2%.

If the ADP jobs report we got Wednesday is any indication, it might be a big miss for jobs tomorrow.

The ADP report had a median forecast of 75,000 new jobs created, but only came up with 44,000.

That was also well below the 95,000 total in the prior month’s report.

So maybe just maybe labor gets ugly again, as it did around this time last year?

That would be a much-needed tailwind for mortgage rates during this tough stretch.

Will We Repeat History?

Last year, we got a slew of really ugly jobs reports that sent mortgage rates back toward 6%.

It was great news for the industry (and recent home buyers looking for a rate and term refinance).

But it wasn’t so great for the economy, for obvious reasons.

Then the labor market seemed to kind of stabilize, but with inflation cooling, mortgage rates were able to continue falling and eventually hit 3.5-year lows at the end of February.

That eventually led to a sub-6% mortgage rate, the best seen since 2022.

We all know what happened next; the Iranian conflict broke out and those 5% 30-year fixed rate quotes quickly became a distant memory.

One way to get them back, outside of a peace deal with Iran, would be weak job market data.

It’s hard to root for, given the fact that people aren’t getting hired and/or are losing their jobs.

But it’s realistically the other way interest rates fall, as a weak jobs report signals a soft economy, which can prompt the Fed to cut rates. Or at least not raise them.

The jobs report tomorrow (and the next one) could dictate whether the Fed raises rates in September, or stands pat. So there is a lot at stake.

What Could Really Push Mortgage Rates Lower?

The combination of a peace deal and weak (or at least not hot) labor data would be the combination to get mortgage rates materially lower.

Those two levers are basically the only game in town right now.

And arguably, it’s more about the Mideast conflict than it is the labor market.

You get both of those things to cooperate and mortgage rates can make their way lower again.

Granted, I still believe there is some risk premium built into mortgage rates now because of the tenuous situation with Iran that won’t go away anytime soon.

Conversely, if both don’t cooperate and you’re looking at mortgage rates back in the 7s potentially.

Personally, I think that’d do some major psychological damage, even if the difference in monthly payment isn’t that substantial.

While the payment on a 7% 30-year fixed might only be $50 more per month than a rate of 6.75%, the headlines that follow would deal a major blow to the housing market.

Colin Robertson
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