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How to Turn Claude Into a Research Assistant That Actually Saves You Time



Have you ever opened Claude, typed a question, read the answer, and closed the tab? Same. That’s basically using it like Google with extra steps.

Honestly, it works fine for quick stuff. But if that’s the only way you’re using it, you’re missing the part that actually saves you hours every week.

Here’s the thing. The real value isn’t in one good question. It’s in building a process you run the same way every time.

This is about one workflow specifically: using Claude as a research assistant. Not to replace your judgment. Not to replace primary sources. Just to handle the slow, scattered part of research that happens before the real thinking starts.


Disclaimer: While these are general suggestions, it’s important to conduct thorough research and due diligence when selecting AI tools. We do not endorse or promote any specific AI tools mentioned here. This article is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended to provide legal, financial, or clinical advice. Always comply with HIPAA and institutional policies. For any decisions that impact patient care or finances, consult a qualified professional.

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Why This Isn’t Just Googling

A Google search hands you a list of links. Then you’re the one opening ten tabs, reading each one, deciding what matters, and stitching it together yourself.

Claude works differently. Give it a clear task and it can look at a question from a few angles, pull out what matters, tell you where the evidence is thin, and hand you something you can actually start working from.

But here’s the part you can’t skip. Claude isn’t a live database. It has a training cutoff, and it can be wrong.

If your work carries real stakes, and if you’re a physician, that’s most of what you do, treat anything factual Claude gives you as a starting point. Not an answer.

Every step below is built around that.

Before You Type Anything

Most AI research sessions go sideways for one reason. People start typing before they know what they need.

Vague question in, vague answer out. And a vague answer often feels useful even when it isn’t.

Before you open Claude, give yourself two or three minutes with these:

What’s the actual question here?

Not the topic. The question. “GLP-1 drugs” is a topic.

“What does the current evidence say about GLP-1 use in non-diabetic patients for weight management, and where are the gaps?” That’s a question.

What do you already know?

Tell Claude your starting point. If you’re already deep in a topic, say so. If it’s brand new to you, say that too.

What format actually helps you?

A summary? A list of claims to check? A comparison? Decide this up front and you skip a round of back and forth.

What happens if you get this wrong?

That answer tells you how much verification you’ll need at the end.

Casual curiosity needs less checking than something that’s going to touch a patient, an investment, or a legal decision. Three minutes on these four questions. Everything after gets faster.

Now, let’s get into how to actually build the workflow.

Step 1: Set Up a Project First

Claude.ai has a feature called Projects. It’s basically a dedicated space that keeps context across sessions, so you’re not re-explaining your situation every time you open a new chat.

If you’re researching something over multiple sessions, this alone is worth setting up.

Here’s how:

  1. Go to claude.ai and sign in.
  2. Click Projects in the sidebar, then New Project.
  3. Name it something specific. Not “Research.” Try “GLP-1 Evidence Review” or “Multifamily Market Q3 2026.” You’ll thank yourself later when you’re trying to find it again.
  4. Claude will ask what you’re trying to achieve in the project. Don’t skip this field.

For clinical work, something like this in the project description does the job:

“This project is for reviewing clinical literature on a specific topic before I consult primary sources. Claude will help me map the landscape, identify key claims, and flag where evidence is limited or contested. All outputs are preliminary and will be verified against PubMed, clinical guidelines, or peer-reviewed sources before any conclusions are drawn. No patient data will be entered here.”

That last line matters. It sets the boundary before you’ve even started.

For anything outside clinical work, this version works just as well:

“This project is for background research on [topic]. Claude will help me orient quickly, surface key considerations, and flag what needs further verification. Outputs are drafts for my own thinking, not finished conclusions.”

Doesn’t need to be long. It just needs to be honest about what you’re using it for.

Step 2: Write a Brief, Not a Question

This is the step almost everyone skips, and it’s the one that changes everything.

A question asks Claude to respond. A brief tells Claude how to respond.

A good brief has five pieces. You won’t need all five every time, but the more complicated the topic, the more each one matters.

  1. The actual question. Specific, not broad.
  2. The scope. What’s in, what’s out.
  3. The angle. What matters most for your purpose.
  4. The honesty ask. Tell Claude directly to flag uncertainty and anything that might be outdated.
  5. The format. How you want the answer structured.

Here’s a template you can adapt:

“I need a research overview on [topic]. Focus on [specific angle]. Limit scope to [time period, specialty, geography]. Where evidence is limited, contested, or possibly outdated, say so directly instead of filling the gap. Don’t cite specific studies unless you’re highly confident they exist and are described accurately. Format as: a 3-5 sentence overview, a numbered list of the most important points, and a section called ‘What to Verify’ listing what I should check against primary sources.”

If you’re a physician, something like this works:

“I need a research overview on low-dose naltrexone for fibromyalgia. Focus on peer-reviewed clinical evidence, not anecdotal reports. Limit to adult patients. Flag anything preliminary or based on small samples. Don’t fabricate citations. Format as: a 3-5 sentence overview, a numbered list of evidence-based points, and a ‘What to Verify’ section for PubMed or rheumatology guideline checks.”

If you’re not in clinical work, this version fits:

“I need a research overview on multifamily investing trends in the U.S. Southeast. Focus on cap rates and rental demand in 2025 and 2026. Flag anything that might be outdated or regionally inconsistent. Don’t present projections as facts. Format as: a short overview, key considerations as a numbered list, and a ‘What to Verify’ section for current market reports or an advisor conversation.”

Same structure both times. Same honesty ask. Same built-in verification step.

Step 3: Treat the Output Like a Map, Not a Manual

When Claude answers your brief, don’t treat it as finished.

Read it the way you’d read a first sketch, useful for orientation, not something you build on directly. Pay close attention to the What to Verify section. That’s your actual checklist.

For clinical questions, that means PubMed, specialty guidelines, or UpToDate.

For anything else, it means whatever source is actually authoritative in that field.

A few things worth asking as you read:

Does this sound too clean?

Real evidence is messier than a tidy AI summary. If something reads as fully settled with zero caveats, that’s your cue to check it.

Are there citations?

If you told Claude not to fabricate sources and specific studies still show up, verify those first. A citation you can’t find on PubMed didn’t happen.

Does it admit what it doesn’t know?

An answer with caveats is more trustworthy than one without. No caveats at all should make you more careful, not less.

Step 4: Save What Works

You’re probably researching the same categories of things over and over.

Once a brief format works well for one type of research, save it. Adapt it next time instead of starting from scratch.

Worth keeping templates for:

  • Clinical literature reviews
  • Evaluating an investment or business opportunity
  • Understanding a regulation or legal question
  • Competitive or market research

Same structure, calibrated for the stakes of each category. This is where the weekly time savings really start to add up.


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Two Boundaries Worth Knowing

If you’re in a regulated field, these two matter.

1. Don’t put patient information into Claude on a consumer plan.

    Claude Pro and Max aren’t covered under Anthropic’s Business Associate Agreement. Anything touching protected health information needs an enterprise setup with a BAA in place.

    This workflow is built for general research, full stop.

    2. Claude’s output isn’t professional advice.

    For anything that’s going to inform a clinical decision, a legal matter, or a financial move, treat what Claude gives you as background.

    The final call is yours, working from verified sources. That’s not a limitation. That’s the correct way to use it. As we always say, do your due diligence.

    What You Actually Get Back

    A research session using this process, on something moderately complex, takes about 20 to 30 minutes.

    A few minutes to write the brief, a few to review the output, ten or fifteen to verify against real sources. The same session without any of this usually takes 60 to 90 minutes and leaves you with something less organized.

    Do this two or three times a week, and that gap is about two to three hours back every week.

    Over a month, that’s close to ten hours.

    So if you find any value in this, pick something already on your research list this week. Write a brief using the template above. Compare it to what a plain Google search would’ve gotten you in the same amount of time.

    This might be your first step towards optimized work with AI. Are you willing to try? Let us know in the comments.


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    Disclaimer: This article is for general informational and educational purposes only. It does not constitute medical, legal, compliance, or professional advice. The information provided here is based on available public data and may not be entirely accurate or up-to-date. It’s recommended to contact the respective companies/individuals for detailed information on features, pricing, and availability. All screenshots, if any, are used under the principles of fair use for editorial, educational, or commentary purposes. All trademarks and copyrights belong to their respective owners.

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Chipotle Offering BOGO Entrées Today for Back-to-School Season


Chipotle BOGO Entrées Today for School Spirit Promotion

Chipotle is celebrating the back-to-school season with a School Spirit BOGO today, August 20, followed by three consecutive Sunday dinner promotions.

For today’s deal, customers who show up wearing school apparel or accessories can buy an entrée and receive a second entrée free at participating U.S. Chipotle restaurants. The promotion runs from 3 p.m. through closing time. Middle school, high school and college gear qualifies, including tees, sweatshirts, jerseys and hats.

The BOGO is available in restaurants only and isn’t valid on mobile, online, delivery or catering orders. Each free entrée requires the purchase of an entrée of equal or greater value, with a limit of five free entrées per check.

Chipotle Sundays: Buy Two Entrées, Get One Free

Chipotle is also launching a Chipotle Sundays promotion over the next three weekends. Order at least two entrées after 3 p.m. local time through the Chipotle app or website and you’ll receive one additional entrée free with promo code SUNDAYS.

The offer will be available on:

  • Sunday, August 23
  • Sunday, August 30
  • Sunday, September 6

Unlike today’s School Spirit BOGO, the Sunday deal is digital only and is available at participating locations in both the U.S. and Canada.

JPMorgan Makes a $750B Bet on the Housing Market


James:
Today we’re comparing notes on headlines catching our attention and what it could mean for investors. I’m James Dainard, filling in for Dave today, joined by my good friends, Kathy Fettke and Henry Washington. So let’s just jump right in. Henry, what do you got today?

Henry:
Well, I picked a story that was very near and dear to my heart, top of mind, something I am always thinking about. The headline is the market may have already peaked for 2026 and the summer isn’t even over yet. This is an article found on usnews.com, and it’s talking about what’s happening in the real estate market in terms of sales. So the article goes on to talk about that existing home sales fell 1.7% in July to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 4.06 million. Even as the median home prices have climbed to a record for the month, the national median existing home price rose 2% year over year. That’s up to $434,000 in July, making that the 37th consecutive month of annual price gains. So housing prices have gone up and the market seems to have already peaked in terms of sales price. And now that we haven’t finished summer yet, but we’re moving into what would normally be a winter slowdown anyway, could be just a not pretty time in terms of real estate sales in the country.
And as I was researching this article, I came across another article that talked about how first home purchase sales are down, but luxury home sales are up. And I think all of this is tied to affordability. Interest rates peaked over the last month, and that’s caused a slowdown in the market for people who are just barely priced into the market. But there’s also a lot of people who have made a lot of money or are making a lot of money in stock market gains. And so the wealth gap is pretty substantial. And so the people who have more money are buying more luxury homes. And in my market, I’m seeing exactly that. And why do I know that? Because I’m trying to sell my house right now, my personal house. And every house in my neighborhood in the luxury market, when it goes up for sale, it is under contract in less than 30 days.
Wow. But when I’m selling my flips, I am seeing longer times on market. It’s a little harder to sell them. There’s more competition. And so I think all this just plays into affordability. But I was very curious, James, is that the same thing you’re seeing in your market? Your market’s substantially more expensive than mine, but you’re doing deals consistently.

James:
Yeah, it’s flat. Things are sitting on market. I mean, it depends on what it is. There’s velocity in every city.
So I think one of the most important things that we’ve been going over the last 90 days is where’s the velocity at in every zip code? Because it doesn’t matter if it’s luxurious or it’s a first-time home buyer, there’s a price point that’s moving in that pocket. Everything is not selling, but there’s a lot of things that aren’t moving. And so we’re really locking down by zip codes, price points, where’s the velocity? And that’s what we’re really targeting. For example, in North Seattle, if you have a house that’s 1.5 million and it’s a good street, that is selling and it’s going to sell on the first weekend. If you’re 1.7 million not selling, your market times are going a hundred days. And so you really got to look at every type of price point. Kind of look in 10% blocks and then focus on that because it tells you where to be aggressive, not to be aggressive.
I mean, it’s not enjoyable in the summer when you’re sitting on, I think I got like 18 for sale. I would say I’m clicking off two to three a month. But one thing I do want to stress is this was no different last summer. Last summer was terrible. And so what I’m hoping is we actually did see a little bit of an uptick in momentum the last two weeks. I think we sold five new construction of ours, a little bit more starter units. I sold a couple different flips. And it’s funny, the ones I thought wouldn’t sell sold, and the ones I thought would sell –

Henry:
Story

James:
Of my life.

Henry:
Story of my life. Same thing here. Just when I think I’m a real estate expert and can predict what’s going to sell and what’s not, I am absolutely not that because I have houses that I’m like, “This one’s going to be a tough sale under contract in 30 days.” And I have houses that I’m like, “Oh, this one’s going to fly off the shelves. Sits.” So don’t ask me. Maybe I just don’t know what buyers want anymore.

Kathy:
It’s crazy. I mean, we have a subdivision we’re building in Oregon, and we actually have the city come to us and say, “We need more housing. We want to help you come up here. We’ve heard your reputation.” And we did. We got some land. We got a great deal on it. This is the one where we just optioned the lots. We didn’t even have to buy them, built the homes, and they’re sitting. Same thing. And the offers we’re getting are brutal. It’s something you and I would offer. They are low ball offers. We had one regular sale recently, but same thing, like five brand new homes just sitting on the market and it hurts. It’s painful. But then we have a big subdivision, the one I’ve probably talked about before. It’s north of Tampa. And that’s where we bought 4,200 lots back in 2012, I don’t know, for 10 cents on the dollar, but it’s a lot of lots.
And that one has just been consistent. It’s done great. Maybe because it’s, I don’t know, it’s Florida, it’s inland. Could be that people are moving from more expensive areas like Miami has gotten so expensive, they’re moving inland where there’s not as. I don’t know, but that one’s doing great. So as we always say, every market is different, but I also have my finger on the pulse of buyers. And we just saw massive buying at Real Wealth, one of the best months that we’ve had. So what’s that? Just all over the place.

Henry:
Yeah. And it’s so weird. James, you mentioned that we had a similar time last summer. And I agree with you from a velocity perspective, but this summer feels a little different. And here’s what I’m seeing in my market, because again, real estate is local. Last year when I put a good product on the market, it was done well and priced right. It’s still sold. This summer, that’s not always the case. Sometimes that’s the case, but sometimes it’s not. And I think affordability is really playing more of a factor this summer than it has last summer. Because the trend that I’m seeing in my market is when we start comping these houses before we put them on the market again, and actually when we’re buying them, because I comp them twice. I comp them when I buy them and then I comp them right before we put them on the market so that I can make sure that we price it right because the market shifts pretty quickly sometimes.
And what I’m seeing in comps is homes that are unrenovated, but livable and clean have far less days on market than homes that are flipped and look super pristine. And I think that’s just the affordability. I think people are much more willing to buy a unflipped home where they can put their own touch on it and get in for a lower price point than houses that are looking awesome because they’ve been flipped. And so we’ve had to adjust our strategy where we do kind of a two-pronged approach when we’re buying deals right now. I comp deals where I can just clean them out, turn around and sell them as they sit, and I comp deals as a flip. So I’m using the flip as my plan B now. Plan A is just to get it clean and livable and get it on the market and see if we can get that deal churned faster.
And we’ve done it a few times now and it’s worked out really well. But all of that to me is just a problem with people’s affordability.

James:
We’re seeing the same thing. There’s grandma’s house, which is your clean, dated house, well-kept and well taken care of, but these aren’t fixer properties. The windows are okay, the roofs are okay. There’s about a 20% delta on that price. If that house is selling for a million dollars in our neighborhood, it’s going to trade for 850 as is in that kind of dated condition. And it’s pretty consistent across the board. Same thing if it’s worth 500, they’re selling for like 380. And so we have problems making that pencil because we have to buy them so cheap that we just can’t get them for that pricing.

Henry:
Yeah. Well, again, I think because real estate’s so regional, my market doesn’t have those kinds of spreads. For me, it’s the percentage-wise, it’s not that big of a deal. So as an example, we just bought one for 130. Now, original, the flip plan is to spend 60 on the renovation, sell it for 275. But instead of doing that, we’re going to spend three to 5,000 on the renovation, just cleaning it out, cutting back some of the shrubs and the bushes in the backyard, professional cleaners, stick it on the market for $200,000. So yeah, I could sell it for 275, flipped or I can spend nothing, sell it for 200, and I’ll actually make pretty close to the same amount of profit.

James:
Yeah, look for the velocity. Because people are rain clouds right now. They’re like, oh, market’s so scary. I got
Some messages from somebody. They’re like, “Hey, do you want to come to this conference?” I was like, “No.” And they’re like, “Well, it’s just important to get everyone together to huddle and talk about what’s going on with the market.” I’m like, “Are we in the same market?” The market, it’s not like it’s 2008 or nine. I mean, this is just flat. And I think the key today is you got to reduce your holding costs on everything, whether it’s new construction build, whether you’re going to dispo, how can you get that monthly debt down? Whether you’re refinancing them into DSCR loans, can you refinance that product? Right now, I’m about ready to refinance all my flips into more DSER because then it just knocks two points off my interest carry. And you just got to look at how can I stop the bleed? And it’s not just for flipping.
Any type of project right now, the bleed and the expense of the debt is what’s really beating up the deals because it’s just taking a lot longer to sell.

Kathy:
Yeah. I mean, that’s kind of why I love and probably will continue to do buy and hold so I don’t have to worry about selling anything. I’m just renting it.

James:
Well, Kathy, because you guys buy so much new construction for the buy and hold.Because some price points are dead in the new construction. I mean, you guys have been able to start talking to these builders about dumping off in bulk too.

Kathy:
Oh, we’ve been doing it. We’ve been doing it for years. I mean, builders are distressed. And when you’re a buyer, you want to look for the distress. I mean, you guys know that. So why not? I know this sounds terrible, but why not look for a distressed builder? Because now you don’t have to buy an old property and fix it up. You’ve got a brand new property that you can get for a discount. So that is what we’ve been doing. I literally just was looking at some properties that are highly discounted from builders and they don’t want to reduce their price because then they ruined the comps for everything else they’ve got to sell. So if they can spend a bunch of money and buy down your rate, you can get a really low rate, in some cases, 3%. That really makes it cashflow well in a brand new home.
And a lot of people don’t realize on the buy and hold side, if you have a new home, say in Florida where everybody’s complaining about insurance, the insurance is not high on newer homes because they’re built to hurricane standards. So it’s just a lot lower insurance, a lot lower CapEx over time. And people love to rent new homes, so it’s fairly easy to rent. So for me, it’s kind of a set and forget type buy and hold and I love it. So yeah, to me, it’s a wonderful, one of the greatest opportunities out there. But this is only for people who don’t like getting their hands dirty like me.

James:
No, but you know what though? The new construction, it’s starting to become very attractive for value add investors because you can now buy for less than you can build it for.

Kathy:
Yeah, in a lot of cases. And listen, I’m on both sides of that. I’m on the side of being a builder and trying to sell stuff and having a really difficult time, but that’s kind of how it is for you guys. If you’re in flipping, you got to be able to find the deal so you love a buyer’s market, but then you got to sell it so you hate a buyer’s market.

Henry:
That’s the game.

Kathy:
When are you going to time it perfectly where you’re buying in a buyer’s market that you’re selling in the seller’s market? You just have to figure it out. It’s a balancing act, which is why if you are buying hold, all you really have to focus on is the buy. And then the hold being what are the rents? How are rents doing? Are they going up or down versus I got to think about what I’m selling? Because if you’re buy and hold, if you want to sell, you just sell when the timing’s right.

James:
Well, Kathy, I want to talk about some serious money getting put into the market, but before we do that, we’re going to take a quick break. Welcome back to the On the Market Podcast. Kathy, someone’s about ready to drop some serious money into the housing market. I want to know where the money’s getting spent because I can go follow it.

Kathy:
Yeah, my article today really contradicts the sort of doom and gloom we just talked about. This is an optimistic article, I guess you could say. It’s from JP Morgan Chase. And it’s basically JP Morgan Chase is doubling down on housing. So they see something that maybe others don’t see. Those who are sitting on the sidelines should probably sit up and pay attention. They are deploying 750 billion through 2035. That’s up by more than $200 billion through their American Dream Initiative. This is nearly 40% more than the firm’s housing capital deployment over the past decade. So again, we’re seeing big companies like Berkshire Hathaway investing in builders. You’ve got JP Morgan Chase upping what they’re going to be lending and also coming in as debt and equity to build affordable housing. And you’ve got Japanese companies buying American builders. So these huge firms are a little more positive than we just were.
They see this demand coming, they see this lack of housing and they are all in. I mean, this is huge. My guess is that a lot of times companies will follow legislation and clearly we just had this new legislation really pushing for new housing. And maybe they’re getting incentives for doing it. Maybe they know something we don’t know about the new housing bill getting tax credits, but there’s more momentum towards bringing on that affordable housing and the big players are jumping in and taking advantage.

James:
You always want to follow the money, right? I mean, it’s kind of like, I remember 2008, nine and 10 when Blackstone started buying all the single family or no, it was 2010 and 11 started getting hard.

Kathy:
I could actually tell you the date. It was 2012. It’s when Warren Buffet said on national TV, “If I could buy a few hundred thousand houses, I would if I knew how to manage them.” That was the second part, if I knew how to manage them. Instead, he went into creating Berkshire Hathaway on the real estate sales side. But a bunch of institutional investors at that time said, “Well, golly, I’ll learn how to manage them.” And let’s face it, they didn’t know how in the beginning, but they figured it out and they brought in new systems. So I do feel like that’s kind of happening right now. There’s a lot of signals that we should be paying attention to because there’s big money coming in and those people sitting on the sidelines waiting for prices to drop. Do you think Warren Buffet’s company might know a thing or two?
Do you think JP Morgan Chase might know a thing or two? Listen to them. Sure, it’s probably easier for them to make bets. But to me, it does feel like a similar signal that we got in 2012 that we’re getting now.

James:
Part of this is for financing too. Yeah,

Kathy:
They’re going to be lending. Being a lender is one of the more safe positions, but trying to be able to help more people get into housing, be able to buy their own home, but also building, bringing on new affordable housing as debt and equity.

Henry:
I was looking at this article and it got me thinking, so what does it really mean when JP mortgages are deploying more money into the single family real estate space? And when I was reading through it, it looks like it breaks it down in buckets. So it’s saying one of the buckets is they’re going to be lending more money to developers to build apartments. So that increases housing units, increases apartment units. There’s another bucket where they’re going to be writing more mortgages. So this is what I though the article was mainly talking about. So in other words, they’re saying, we’re going to be writing more mortgages. More people should be able to buy a home, get a loan from us. We want to put money out there for people to buy homes. And then the third bucket is investments in affordable housing funds, which is interesting.
I hadn’t thought this was something they do, but essentially putting their own money at risk as an investor and investing in affordable housing funds, which is pretty cool, but that’s a lot of capital to be all thrown at one specific asset class. I mean, I like it. That’s good for me. I’m a single family and small multifamily investor. So to me, that means that the asset that I own has some demand attached to it. Yeah.

James:
It’s funny, there’s so much weird bad taste in people’s mouths about these big companies buying in real estate. They don’t want hedge funds buying up all the housing. And when you really dig into this article, they’re providing a lot of money for first-time home buyers, different types of financing options. And the good thing is, I always look at this as the banks are very quick to change their mind, the big banks. That’s why as an investor, I only work with small banks because once the big bank gets sick of real estate, they don’t really want to give you too much money on it.
The good news is when you are seeing bigger banks, they have a lot of money, they spend a lot of money on research deploying that much capital into the housing market. They’re not really predicting a massive crash because why are they going to provide so much financing for first-time home buyers that are putting down a low down payment if they think their asset’s going to be worth 10 to 20% less in three years? They’re predicting stability is how I look at that. So anytime they’re providing this kind of financing, it makes me feel more confident, especially when you have a flatter market right now. And that’s what you want is you want confidence in this market because when the market is flat, you start to double guess yourself on everything. You’re like, “Is this a deal? I know what a deal is. I’ve been buying deals a long time, but on paper it’s a deal, but is it really a deal?”
And so these are important things to look at because it shows stability coming forward. And so I like these things, just gives me a little bit of that spinach courage to where I’m like, “All right, let’s go buy some stuff.” Well, we’re going to dive into the CPI report and what’s going on with inflation and what that could mean for rate cuts soon as we take this break. All right, we are back on On the Market Podcast and we’re going to jump right into the CPI report. So I pulled the article from Fox Business about the inflation. So CPI report came out yesterday, December 12th, and we had some good news. It didn’t rise very much.

Kathy:
That’s real good news.

James:
The CPI report came out yesterday, August 12th in July. CPI rose just 0.1% for the month with an annual inflation down to 3.4% from 3.5%. The core CPI at two and a half percent is the slowest it’s been since the post-pandemic surge. So we’re finally starting to see inflation kind of slow down. Now, a lot of what this article does talk about is we’ve seen some slowdown on inflation, but that’s also because energy has fallen in July. The cost of fuel, cast of gas, those things had all kind of dropped down. But they also are predicting that this could make the Fed keep their rates steady and we should not anticipate any sort of increase, which is the biggest thing because the last thing we want is increase going on. Stability works, but we don’t need it to rise. And so we are seeing a little bit of good news on that as far as the inflation goes.
Now, I feel like every month it’s just going to bounce around until this Iran conflict gets sorted out, but it is good news. And what I did see is we saw a flurry of activity the last couple weeks. We did sell more homes I think in the last two weeks than we did in the month before. And part of that has to do with part of inflation hasn’t. I don’t feel like it feels as bad as it did 60 days ago. And consumers are really sensitive to that. When inflation is jumping up, when fuel and gas is at seven bucks a gallon, people get really nervous and the fear kind of locks in and they don’t make a decision. And so as they’re starting to see a little bit of stability in the energy market with food and groceries, that people are starting to move and actually start getting some activity going.
Because even I saw the financial reports for a lot of these tech companies, they posted some pretty good earnings and people made some good stock bonuses. And we’re starting to see a little bit of stability, which is good because it’s all about consumer confidence. There is so many buyers on the sideline right now, they’re just confused in what to do.

Henry:
Who could blame them if the market is so confusing?

James:
Yeah. What we’re hoping for is just stability and inflation. If we can get it to where it stops going on this rollercoaster ride. I mean, what do you think, Henry? You sell a lot of property. When I see stability on those fronts, it’s much easier to move a deal.

Henry:
Yeah. When people are comfortable with what’s happening in the market, then the transaction volume goes up. People take action. And I think I’m curious at how inflation is going to impact interest rates over time because the Fed just chose to keep interest rates where they’re at. But if you look at the vote, it was actually voted on nine to three. So there were three people who voted to actually raise interest rates. And so that to me says that they’re planning on rates going up as long as things remain the same. That’s the forethought I’m giving that. And that’s again, going to cause more of an affordability problem and that’s going to keep more people out of the market, which is going to seem like things are slowing down. But at the same time, housing prices have continued to rise. And so that’s what I mean by it’s confusing is because it’s unaffordable, it’s scary.
We don’t know if interest rates are going to go up causing more unaffordability, but somehow prices keep rising. So somebody’s buying and it’s our job as investors to make sure we stay very local in the data so that we can have a clear understanding of who the buyers are, what they’re buying so that we can position ourselves to be able to provide that product to them because transactions are happening. And I don’t want everybody to listen to all this and think it’s so doom and gloom in the real estate market. People are making money out here in real estate, but the people that are making money are the ones that are studying the data. They’re studying their market. They’re seeing who the customers are that are actually transacting. How are they transacting? Where’s that money come from and what are they buying and how can I provide that to them?
It’s business 101, but it’s harder now. You can’t just buy anything at a discounted price anymore, throw it on the market and make money. You used to be able to just say, “Hey, if I get something at a 30 or 40% discount, I’m going to be able to make money.” That’s just not the case anymore. It’s very, very niche.

Kathy:
Yeah. Inflation is bad. It’s still bad. It has calmed down. But what I want to really emphasize is that the growth rate of price increases has slowed. The prices haven’t come down. So the consumer is extremely stretched. And even though oil prices, energy prices have fallen, they’re still up 14% from a year ago. Now, how many people got a 14% raise? The inflation is still 3% above last year over that. How many people got a 3% raise? If companies aren’t doing as well, then they’re not maybe going to be giving the raises. Or if you’re self-employed, it’s hard to give yourself a raise if you’re just trying to make ends meet. So I think if we look at the consumer, they are stretched. I see it every day. And when I say the consumer, there’s a tale of two worlds. We have some people who are doing just fine and don’t notice the difference in the cost of eggs.
They don’t even think twice about it. But if you are on a fixed income or you are on an hourly wage, you feel it and it’s painful. So just even the concept of buying a house is so out of reach. But they’re focused on rent and that’s hard too. That’s hard too. And for those of us who are buy and hold investors, we’ve got to pay attention to that consumer because that’s our customer. That’s who’s going to be renting from us. And how are they doing? How is their health? It’s tough. It is tough. So the more that we can find those properties, get discounts, find cheap properties and renovate them at a good price, be good at that and provide that affordable housing. We are helping people. We’re solving a problem, which is living. So I like to put that message out there for landlords who are truly providing a service.
I could just speak for us. In some of the properties that we bought, we got them cheap, so we’re able to rent them for less. We’ve always focused on that niche of the worker. How are they going to afford to live and how can we provide that

James:
For them? Why this is so important is we’re trying to look at, as investors, we’re trying to look down the road. What is the market going to look like in 12 months? Because when you’re buying deals today, they’re really good buys. We’re buying stuff for substantially cheaper than we were 12 to 24 months ago. And that’s what we have to keep focused on as an investor is, okay, what do we think is going to happen in 12 months? And what is that going to look like? And what this says is the July CPA inflation report shifted the outlook for the Federal Reserve next monetary policy meeting. They were saying that according to the CME FedWatch tool, the market now sees a 61.9% probability of rates remaining current. And that was only at 51% a day ago. And so we want stability. If rates were going to go up in 12 months, I’m going to want to buy even deeper today.
But if I think there’s stability, what I don’t want to do is pass on deals that were great deals, but my fear dictated my decisions.

Kathy:
Because

James:
Fear will make us do bad decisions. It will make us sell something first too cheap. It will make us pass on good opportunities. And these are things that we want to pay attention to because we got to go, what is it going to look like? Because you can’t stop buying when you’re an active. Henry is an active operator. Kathy, you’re in a lot of deals. If you stop and you go on the sidelines, I heard people say this for the last 24 months, “I’m taking a break, I’m going to wait.” You never time it right ever. But if you consistently buy, you can get a consistent average through because you’re going through all the waves. If you pull out, that’s what I’ve learned over 20 years investing is don’t pull out. Be cautious, but you can’t get all the way out the door because if you do, A, you’re out of touch with the market, you’re not in the market anymore, but then you’re jumping usually back in when it’s too late again.
I don’t

Kathy:
Know. It depends on the asset class. I have a lot of respect for people who just sat it out from 2020 to 2024, 25 even because they could just see the bubble inflating and then it was going to take some time for it to deflate. And they’re just now coming. I mean, I know a guy who just kind of sold all his stuff when he saw it peaking and he just went on vacation for a few years. I think that’s okay depending on your asset class, if you’re really aware. But James, that’s not for you. You can’t stop. You not stopping.

James:
James.

Kathy:
We buy

James:
Everything. We buy apartments, we buy dirt, we buy houses. And so yeah, did we buy a lot of dirt the last two years? Absolutely not. We had already bought the dirt, we were getting through the projects, but there’s an opportunity in every market. And that’s where you have to pivot and go, “Okay, well, what I was buying doesn’t work anymore, so now I need to go buy this.” And for us as investors, if you want to be a professional investor to stay in the market, you have to pivot and you got to shift things around. I’m even starting to look at new construction now, which I’ve never bought, but I’m like, oh wow, there’s some really good buys out there.

Kathy:
There’s some great deals.

James:
Yeah. We don’t have identities as real estate investors. It’s like I’m the short-term rental person. I’m the flipper guy. It’s like, no, no, no. How do you spread the money out and balance it out? And you want to do that when you’re seeing reports like this. Now, this is just one month. It’s a blip in the month, but we have to see what happens in August and in September and what goes on with this conflict because I think fuel is up right now. So this inflation report could also look a lot different for August. And so I think these are things to just watch, stay in the middle of and make sure that you kind of adjust your iBox based on actual data like Henry’s saying, not your gut. I’m

Kathy:
Going to be more positive now and say this is great. It’s great that we didn’t see inflation shoot up when it really could have. And that’s what we were hearing in the headlines. That’s why people are freaking out and scared because it was like, I mean, even the Fed was saying we’re probably going to raise rates a couple times because inflation’s looking bad. So I will end this part of the story saying, good, at least it is not runaway inflation.

James:
No, and hopefully it stays consistent. That’s what we’re looking for. Keep dropping. That’s what we want. Well, we got JP Morgan spending a lot of money, inflation’s settling down. See, it’s all sunshine and bunnies

Kathy:
Going forth. That’s a good

Henry:
Day. It’s always a good time to buy in my book, James.

James:
Yeah, exactly. You got to keep buying. You got to keep buying. So thanks for listening to On the Market. We will see you guys next time. Thank

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How To Turn a Boring Industry Into a Money-Making Advantage


Opinions expressed by Entrepreneur contributors are their own.

Key Takeaways

  • Boring can be a goldmine. Unsexy industries often have outdated systems, frustrated customers and less competition.u003cbru003e
  • Distribution matters as much as the product. Solving the problem is only half the battle — you also need to reach customers at the moment they actually care.u003cbru003e
  • Don’t confuse growth with success. A smaller, overlooked market that solves a real problem and makes money can be more valuable than chasing the latest trend.

Many entrepreneurs are drawn to exciting sectors such as AI, crypto or whatever is trending, and it’s easy to understand why. There’s glamour in telling people at a dinner party that you’re building the future.

The businesses I’d bet on, though, are the ones nobody wants to talk about: the boring, mundane industries that people tune out as soon as they come up. These are the markets where the most defensible, high-margin businesses get built, and most entrepreneurs walk right past them chasing something flashier.

I know this because I picked one of the least glamorous industries imaginable: insurance (specifically, jewelry insurance). Nobody dreams about working in this sector, but that’s exactly why it worked for me.

Boring usually means overlooked

A boring industry is typically overlooked and underserved. These are old, entrenched, legacy markets where customers might interact with the product once a year, if that. People are frustrated with the status quo, but they’ve accepted it because what’s the alternative? The technology is bad, and the service is worse, but everyone puts up with it because that’s how it’s always been.

This frustration is the opening. When customers are annoyed but resigned, you’ve found a market with an unsolved problem. Insurance is a perfect example because it’s complex and widely avoided. It’s also as far from glamorous as a business gets, and that’s precisely why so few entrepreneurs bother to look at it.

Established businesses get complacent

The reason why these industries stay boring is simple: Established players get comfortable. When no one pays attention to a market, the players in it stop innovating and lose sight of what a good product even looks like, relying on the fact that customers don’t have a better option. Complacency is a strong sign that a market is ready for someone new.

Before BriteCo, I witnessed this firsthand. I’m a third-generation jeweler and a Gemological Institute of America gemologist, so I spent years watching customers try to insure rings and watches they’d just bought. The application process was miserable, requiring customers to fax documents, then wait days or weeks for a coverage decision. Making a claim was a manual, over-the-phone process with no technology to handle it. NPS scores were dismal, and nobody in the industry seemed to care. This was the accepted standard because people had no real alternative.

Distribution is hard to replicate

We’ve now built much better software. Customers can get a quote and coverage in minutes instead of waiting weeks, and making a claim doesn’t require navigating frustrating phone menus. But fixing the software was the easy part.

Jewelry insurance has a timing problem. Customers often purchase jewelry and then don’t think about insuring it until months later, if ever. There are perhaps two moments when insurance even crosses their mind: standing at the jeweler’s counter with the purchase receipt in hand, sitting at home at 11 p.m., and finally typing “jewelry insurance” into Google.

At BriteCo, we addressed both moments. We sold to jewelers for years before offering direct options to consumers because store owners are unlikely to refer their best customers to a brand nobody has heard of. We then built the direct-to-customer side to be there when they finally decide to search for insurance on their own.

This is the advantage of a boring niche. A national carrier can’t justify investing in a business case this small, while established specialists have no reason to change when the current processes are simply accepted as they are. Find a problem, figure out when customers are most likely to care about it, and go solve it.

Profitability is often overlooked

I want to challenge a common assumption about building companies. Growth gets all the attention. Entrepreneurs talk endlessly about scaling but not enough about profitability, and that’s backward. The entire point of a business is to be profitable; if you’re not, you’re out of business.

Boring industries are often the most profitable. These niche, overlooked markets have customers with valid problems and real money at stake. Solving a mundane but important problem is far more valuable than building another AI demo with little practical use.

This is the model we run at BriteCo. We found an underserved niche market, built a better product, and now we dominate the sector and cross-sell to a growing base of policyholders. It’s profitable.

If you’re deciding where to build, resist the pull toward whatever’s trending. Instead, look at the industries people complain about but continue to tolerate because they’ve stopped expecting better. Find the market where the established players have lost momentum and processes still rely on paperwork and patience. If you modernize the technology and reach customers earlier than established businesses bother to, the boring, neglected industry becomes an area your competitors can’t replicate.

After you find success, go do it again for the next one.

Key Takeaways

  • Boring can be a goldmine. Unsexy industries often have outdated systems, frustrated customers and less competition.u003cbru003e
  • Distribution matters as much as the product. Solving the problem is only half the battle — you also need to reach customers at the moment they actually care.u003cbru003e
  • Don’t confuse growth with success. A smaller, overlooked market that solves a real problem and makes money can be more valuable than chasing the latest trend.

Many entrepreneurs are drawn to exciting sectors such as AI, crypto or whatever is trending, and it’s easy to understand why. There’s glamour in telling people at a dinner party that you’re building the future.

The businesses I’d bet on, though, are the ones nobody wants to talk about: the boring, mundane industries that people tune out as soon as they come up. These are the markets where the most defensible, high-margin businesses get built, and most entrepreneurs walk right past them chasing something flashier.

I know this because I picked one of the least glamorous industries imaginable: insurance (specifically, jewelry insurance). Nobody dreams about working in this sector, but that’s exactly why it worked for me.

How brokers can navigate a challenging appraisal outlook


How time adjustments work

One area that’s widely misunderstood, according to Barker, is how appraisers handle what’s known as a “market in transition” – a term used to describe any market that’s actively moving either up or down, rather than holding steady.

When a market is declining, an appraiser will look at recent comparable sales and may find them running below the agreed purchase price. The appraiser then applies downward time adjustments – adjusting values based on where trend lines are heading, not just where recent sales have come in.

The same approach applies in rising markets. “If you have a market that’s increasing significantly, you have the same situation – offers and accepted purchases occurring, and then you look at recent sales and they’re lower because the market’s increasing,” Barker said. “So it really works both ways.”

Read more: How an appraisal gap impacts your mortgage

In a declining market, appraisals that come in below purchase price directly affect loan-to-value rations – which determine how much a borrower can lend against the property. “You’ll often see purchase transactions renegotiated based on appraised value,” Barker said. “Or buyers bring more money to the table, or they just have to understand the purchase price they’re paying.”

Supermicro investigation clears CEO in $2.5 billion alleged smuggling scheme



Super Micro Computer said on Thursday that an independent investigation led by its board found no evidence that current members of senior management knew about an alleged scheme to smuggle $2.5 billion in hardware packed with Nvidia chips to China. 

The announcement was meant to clear the air for investors after a shaky five months following the U.S. Department of Justice’s March indictment of co-founder and board member Yih-Shyan “Wally” Liaw. But questions remain despite Thursday’s announcement of the investigation results; the server manufacturing company offered scant details about what specifically was found in the investigation, only that the board did not find evidence the CEO and senior management were aware of the alleged smuggling ring. Meanwhile, a parallel probe by authorities in Taiwan led to four Supermicro employees being detained for questioning last month in connection with Supermicro sales to a tech company, and in June Supermicro got hit with a federal grand jury subpoena in New York. 

So while the company’s investigation may be over, the government and overseas colleagues appear to still be digging. Thursday’s announcement that the investigation had wrapped made no mention of the events in Taiwan or the grand jury subpoena and did not mention Liaw by name.

“They basically said, ‘nothing to see here,’” said Mark Newman, managing director at equity research firm Bernstein. “There may be some more detail about the indictment later down the line, but I think SMCI is trying to bury this and not talk about it as much as possible.”

Supermicro which was not named in the indictment, declined to comment beyond the press release.

The internal investigation was launched last April after Liaw was indicted for allegedly serving as the ringleader in the alleged smuggling operation, with two others accused of helping him. Liaw co-founded Supermicro with Chairman and CEO Charles Liang and Liang’s wife, Sara Liu, more than three decades ago and served as a senior executive and board member up until the day his charges were unsealed on March 19. Liaw has since pleaded not guilty and his trial was pushed back from November 2026 to March 2027 after Liaw’s lawyer revealed at a hearing in June that Supermicro had received the grand jury subpoena. 

Given the senior position Liaw held and his long history with Liang and Liu, who both serve on the board, some investors have called for Supermicro to clean house with its management team. The company on Thursday said it “took several personnel actions with respect to employees within its sales, technical support and business development functions, including terminations, for failure to follow Company policies or the Company’s code of conduct” in connection with the investigation. 

Supermicro has also been subpoenaed by the Securities and Exchange Commission, with staff requesting documents related to customers, including the customer that was the subject of the allegations in the indictment. The grand jury subpoena came from the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York, seeking documents and information related to Liaw and others named in the indictment. Liaw’s trial was postponed following the grand jury subpoena reveal, which Liaw’s attorney argued could produce documents material to his defense. Liaw is facing up to 20 years in prison.

Liaw’s lawyer did not respond to a request for comment. 

What the investigation found

The internal probe was led by lead independent director Scott Angel, a former audit partner with Deloitte, and audit committee chair Tally Liu. They retained Munger, Tolles, & Olson as outside counsel and brought in advisory firm AlixPartners as a forensic accounting consultant. 

According to Supermicro, the investigation team reviewed the specific customer transactions from the federal indictment along with “a selection of other customers who bought restricted products.” It found no evidence management knew about the alleged smuggling, no evidence the company sold export-controlled products to banned companies or individuals, and no evidence the previously issued financial statements were unreliable. 

“We are pleased to report the conclusion of this independent investigation,” said Angel in a statement. “The independent directors support the actions the Company has already taken to bolster its internal policies and procedures, as well as the additional enhancements that will be implemented.”

Second investigation in two years

This is the second time in two years the company has cleared its management team following an internal investigation. In 2024, the company wrapped a probe after auditor EY abruptly resigned mid-audit, concluding there was no evidence of fraud or misconduct. That probe was led by board member Susie Giordano, who reviewed 11 export transactions and found no evidence anyone at the company tried to circumvent export controls or was aware of any product diversion. The timing in Liaw’s court records indicates his alleged smuggling ring was ongoing during this investigation. 

The 2024 investigation recommended multiple personnel actions, including that chief financial officer David Weigand be replaced “immediately” with someone with “extensive experience working as a senior finance professional at a large public company.” Weigand remains in the role 20 months later. 

Supermicro was previously delisted from Nasdaq following an SEC investigation into its accounting practices. Supermicro settled with the SEC in 2020 for $17.5 million and former CFO Howard Hideshima was separately charged and fined. Liaw resigned from the board and the company at the time, but he came back in May 2021 as an outside consultant, before being named senior vice president. 

In December 2023, he rejoined the board. Five months after his return to the board, prosecutors allege the smuggling operation was in full swing. 

In a March 2026 letter to investors, Liang said the company was a victim. 

“I am deeply saddened and shocked that actions of these individuals were placed above our mission and our responsibility to national security,” the letter states. 

Liaw’s trial is set for March 2027.

Free Year Of Gemini Pro For Students


The Offer

Direct link to offer

  • Google Gemini is offering a free year of Gemini Pro for students

Our Verdict

This is better than the AI Plus that was offered via Handshake/Internshala. This new deal seems to use SheerID. Must be a college aged student 18-24 years old. 

Hat tip to reader Apollo

Who’s paying attention? How firms form policy rate expectations – Bank Underground


Lea Havemeister, Nicholas Bloom, Philip Bunn, Paul Mizen, Gregory Thwaites and Ivan Yotzov

Monetary policymakers carefully craft their policy decisions and communication, and financial markets respond quickly. Yet the effect of policy on the economy ultimately depends on how firms perceive and anticipate monetary policy. We present new data from an economy-wide UK business survey on Bank Rate perceptions and expectations. The data provide direct evidence on monetary policy transmission, specifically on how firms form and update policy rate expectations. Firms’ perceptions of current policy rates are precise, and expectations adjust rapidly to policy decisions within days. Moreover, more productive firms and those with higher levels of borrowing forecast policy rates more accurately. CEOs and CFOs also link policy rate expectations to inflation expectations in ways consistent with standard macroeconomic models.

New data on Bank Rate perceptions and expectations

We use the Decision Maker Panel (DMP), a monthly online survey representative of UK businesses with ten or more employees. Launched in 2016, it is run by the Bank of England in collaboration with King’s College London and the University of Nottingham. Since November 2024, the DMP has asked firms about their perceptions of current Bank Rate (the interest rate set by the Bank of England’s Monetary Policy Committee) and their expectations at three-month, one-year, and three-year horizons. By April 2026, these questions received over 12,000 responses from almost 4,000 firms. We study how firms form policy rate expectations, which characteristics predict accuracy, and how quickly expectations respond to policy decisions and macroeconomic news. To the best of our knowledge, this post provides the first direct survey evidence of policy rate perceptions and expectations over time and across businesses.

Current Bank Rate perceptions are very accurate, but forecast errors increase over longer horizons

Firms’ perceptions of the current Bank Rate are remarkably accurate. Between November 2024 and April 2026, the mean actual Bank Rate was 4.21% compared to a mean perceived rate of 4.22% as shown in Chart 1 (left panel). Firms are better informed about current monetary policy than households: 81% of DMP firms correctly identified the current policy rate, compared to 46% of households who were asked the same question in the UK Survey of Working Arrangements and Attitudes (SWAA-UK) in December 2025. Firms in the DMP sample may be particularly attentive because the survey is run by the Bank of England. However, past research has shown that firms are highly attentive to current CPI inflation trends as well.

Chart 1 (right panel) shows how Bank Rate expectations have evolved in recent months. Between February and April 2026, expected rates rose at short and medium horizons, reflecting a slower anticipated pace of rate cuts following geopolitical developments in the Middle East. Firm expectations moved in the same direction but remained consistently lower in level compared with the overnight index swap (OIS) forward curve, which is the main financial market instrument used to measure market expectations for Bank Rate. The gap between firms’ expectations and OIS rates widens at longer horizons, likely capturing a growing term premium in financial markets in addition to the expectations for Bank Rate levels. Consistent with this, firms’ three-year ahead Bank Rate expectations are much closer to comparable Bank Rate expectations in the Bank’s Market Participants Survey results.


Chart 1: Firms accurately track Bank Rate and their expectations respond to economic developments


Over the full sample, firms are generally accurate in their Bank Rate expectations, but their forecast errors increase at longer horizons. Chart 2 (left panel) shows the distribution of forecast errors, measured as the gap between the realised and expected policy rates at different horizons. Positive values indicate actual Bank Rate was higher than earlier expectations for that period. At the three-month horizon, the mean forecast error is -1 basis point and around 60% of forecasts prove to be correct, while most other errors are 25 basis points. At the one-year horizon, the mean error widens to -17 basis points, and the distribution broadens considerably, with a standard deviation of 60 basis points versus 31 basis points at three months.

Disagreement across firms, measured as the cross-sectional standard deviation, increases with the forecast horizon: disagreement about three-year ahead rates is roughly double that for current perceptions (Chart 2, right panel). Furthermore, this disagreement is systematically higher among smaller firms (10–249 employees) than larger firms (250+ employees) at every horizon. Smaller firms appear to have less precise information or to devote fewer resources to monitoring monetary policy. These findings are consistent with models of so-called ‘rational inattention’. where collecting and processing information is costly.


Chart 2: Forecast errors and disagreement increase at longer horizons, especially for smaller firms


More productive firms and firms with higher borrowing make more accurate forecasts

We find that forecast accuracy is related to several firm characteristics. Larger, older, and more productive firms have systematically smaller absolute forecast errors across all horizons. The left panel of Chart 3 shows the relationship between firm labour productivity and three-month absolute Bank Rate forecast errors, controlling for firm characteristics and sector and time fixed effects. Each point represents around 5% of the full sample. The relationship is highly statistically significant, but also economically meaningful. Moving from the 25th to the 75th percentile of the productivity distribution corresponds to a 12% improvement in accuracy compared to the mean absolute error of 19 basis points.

Firms with more interest-bearing borrowing are also found to make significantly smaller forecast errors. Moving from the 25th to the 75th percentile of the borrowing distribution is associated with forecast errors that are roughly 16% smaller relative to the mean (Chart 3, right panel). One possible explanation is that financial exposure sharpens attention to monetary policy. Still, we note that the relationships presented in Chart 3 are correlations; the causal relationship may run in either direction, as firms that make better forecasts could be better positioned to make more informed decisions and therefore become more productive.


Chart 3: More productive and more indebted firms forecast policy rates more accurately


These findings suggest that larger, more productive, and more financially exposed firms may be better placed to anticipate monetary policy changes, potentially supporting their role in the monetary transmission mechanism.

Bank Rate expectations are tightly linked to inflation expectations and respond to policy rate changes

Next, we investigate how firms’ policy rate expectations are related to inflation expectations, macroeconomic data releases, and monetary policy announcements.

Firms’ policy rate expectations are closely linked to their inflation outlook. The correlation between changes in one-year-ahead CPI inflation expectations and one-year ahead Bank Rate expectations is strongly positive and robust to employing firm controls and sector and time-fixed effects (Chart 4, left panel). This is consistent with standard macroeconomic models, although the evidence is correlational and does not necessarily imply a causal link.


Chart 4: Bank Rate expectations are strongly correlated with inflation expectations


We further test the link between inflation and monetary policy expectations using event studies in the days around CPI data releases. We measure CPI surprises as the difference between the published CPI inflation rate and Bloomberg median forecasts. These surprises range from -0.3 to 0.2 percentage points over the sample period. Chart 4 (right panel) shows that CPI releases above market expectations lead firms to revise up their Bank Rate expectations at three-month and one-year horizons, consistent with expected monetary policy tightening in response to inflation surprises.

We also conduct event studies around releases of other macroeconomic indicators. We find that unemployment rates above market expectations lead to downward revisions in rate expectations, as firms expect the MPC will respond to labour market weakness with more accommodative policy. These patterns suggest that firms incorporate macroeconomic news into their rate expectations in ways that align with traditional channels of monetary policy transmission.

Finally, Chart 5 presents event studies of firm expectations around MPC meeting dates. Prior to the announcements, there is no systematic relationship between the eventual rate change and firm expectations, suggesting no anticipation. Policy rate perceptions adjust quickly following MPC meetings (top left panel): in the first five days after an announcement, a 100 basis point rate change translates to a 74 basis point update in perceived rates, on average, relative to the four days before the MPC meeting.

At longer horizons, three-month expectations adjust by about 68 basis points per 100 basis point move, and one-year expectations by 91 basis points. Three-year expectations show a weaker, statistically insignificant response, consistent with the interpretation that current policy decisions provide limited information about the more distant future and that long-term rate expectations may be more ‘anchored’ at a neutral rate. These results confirm that MPC communication is effective: firms absorb new policy information quickly and incorporate it into their forward-looking views.

Higher expected Bank Rate is also associated with higher expected borrowing rates, indicating firms understand policy pass‑through to their own financing costs.


Chart 5: Firms update Bank Rate perceptions and expectations within days of MPC decisions


Conclusion

New evidence from the DMP reveals that UK firms form interest rate expectations that are accurate, internally coherent, and responsive to new information. Firms track the current policy rate closely, update expectations within days of MPC decisions, and link their rate outlook to expected inflation.

However, important differences across firms exist. These patterns suggest that the transmission of monetary policy may be uneven. Larger, more productive, and more financially exposed firms forecast more accurately and may therefore be better positioned to incorporate policy signals, while smaller firms exhibit greater disagreement and larger errors.

For policymakers, our findings are largely encouraging. MPC decisions are quickly understood by firms. Expectations respond to macroeconomic data releases in ways consistent with the traditional transmission mechanism. Future work could examine how firms’ rate expectations translate into investment, employment, and pricing decisions, shedding further light on how monetary policy affects real activity and inflation.


Lea Havemeister is a PhD candidate at the University of Cambridge and a PhD intern in the Bank’s Structural Economics Division, Nicholas Bloom works at Stanford University, Philip Bunn works in the Bank’s Structural Economics Division, Paul Mizen works at King’s College London, Gregory Thwaites works at the University of Nottingham and Ivan Yotzov works in the Bank’s Structural Economics Division.

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